 |
[email protected] |
 |
3275638434 |
 |
 |
| Paper Publishing WeChat |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Study of Reinforcement Distribution, Adhesion between Layers, and Porosity Induced by FDM
Arthur Wernke1, Rafael dos Santos2, Leonardo Santos2, Manuel Barcelos Jr2 and Emmanuel Lima2
Full-Text PDF
XML 979 Views
DOI:10.17265/2161-6213/2021.4-6.004
1. Laboratório Associado de Sensores e Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Avenida dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos-SP 12245-970, Brazil
2. Faculdade do Gama (FGA), Universidade de Brasília (UnB), St. Leste Projeção A, Gama-DF 72444-240, Brazil
This study aims to understand the distribution of reinforcement material in the matrix, evaluate the adherence between layers, and determine the air gap between printing roads. We printed the specimen with two different composite materials, Polylactic Acid (PLA) reinforced with acrylic particles, and another filament reinforced with short carbon fibers. For the observations of the samples, we used a Confocal Microscope. We estimated the porosity of the material by comparing the expected mass with that achieved after manufacture. By pixel count, after binarization, we found the average percentage of acrylate particulate. They showed fair distribution through the PLA matrix even after the manufacturing process. The determination of fibers alignment was made by binarization of image, together with k-means and edge detection. This combination of methods allows estimating the fiber alignment by orientation straight lines. The manufacturing process did not offer good alignment of the fibers, even with the filament initially well aligned.
3D printing, porosity in 3D printed parts, 3D printed composite materials.
Journal of Materials Science and Engineering A 11 (4-6) (2021) 56-62
[1] Parandoush, P., and Lin, D. 2017. “A Review on Additive Manufacturing of Polymer-Fiber Composites.” Composite Structures 182 (6): 36-53.
[2] Luca, V. 2017. “Design and Manufacture of Optimized Continuous Composite Fiber Filament Using Additive Manufacturing Systems.” Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering 6 (4).
[3] Tian, X., Liu, T., Yang, C., Wang, Q., and Li, D. 2016. “Interface and Performance of 3D Printed Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced PLA Composites.” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 88: 198-205.
[4] Morris, E. A., Weisenberger, M. C., Abdallah, M. G., Vautard, F., Grappe, H., Ozcan, S., Paulauskas, F. L., Eberle, C., Jackson, D., Mecham, S. J., and Naskar, A. K. 2016. “High Performance Carbon Fibers from Very High Molecular Weight Polyacrylonitrile Precursors.” Carbon 101: 245-52.
[5] Van de Werken, N., Tekinalp, H., Khanbolouki, P., Ozcan, S., Williams, A., and Tehrani, M. 2020. “Additively Manufactured Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites: State of the Art and Perspective.” Additive Manufacturing 31.
[6] Sathies, T., Senthil, P., and Anoop, M. S. 2020. “A Review on Advancements in Applications of Fused Deposition Modelling Process.” Rapid Prototyping Journal 26 (4): 669-87.
[7] PLA-CF. “Filamento de PLA com Fibra de Carbono.” Accessed Sept. 21, 2020. https://d26lpennugtm8s.cloudfront.net/stores/028/617/rte/PLA%20CF.pdf.
[8] Polymaker. 2018. Safaty Data Sheet PolyMax PLA, SDS Number: S2C20170426B. Ver. 4.0.
[9] Shaikh, S. H., Maiti, A. K., and Chaki, N. 2013. “A New Image Binarization Method Using Iterative Partitioning.” Machine Vision and Applications 24 (2): 337-50.
[10] Wernke, A. P. 2019. “Caracterização e avaliação da preditibilidade de modelos isotrópicos e ortotrópicos para materiais impressos com foco em otimizações topológicas.” Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, Universidade de Brasília.
[11] Silva, M. V. B. da. 2018. “Caracterização Mecânica de Materiais Utilizados em Prototipagem Rápida por Deposição de Material Fundido para Aplicação Aeroespacial.” Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, Universidade de Brasília.
[12] Zhang, X., and Wang, J. 2020. “Controllable Interfacial Adhesion Behaviors of Polymer-on-Polymer Surfaces during Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing Process.” Chemical Physics Letters739: 136959.
[13] Song, Y., Song, W., Yee, K., Lee, K.-Y., and Tagarielli, V. L. 2017. “Measurements of the Mechanical Response of Unidirectional 3D Printed PLA.” Materials & Design 123: 154-64.
[14] Gupta, A., Hasanov, S., and Fidan, I. 2019. “Processing and Characterization of 3D-Printed Polymer Matrix Composites Reinforced with Discontinuous Fibers.” In Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 1054-66.
[15] Ferreira, R. T. L., Amatte, I. C., Dutra, T. A., and Bürger, D. 2017. “Experimental Characterization and Micrography of 3D Printed PLA and PLA Reinforced with Short Carbon Fibers.” Composite Part B: Engineering 124 (1): 88-100.
[16] Morril, E. E., Tulepbergenov, A. N., Stender, C. J., Lamichhane, R., Brown, R. J., and Lujan, T. J. 2016. “A Validated Software Application to Measure Fiber Organization in Soft Tissue.” Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 15: 1467-78.