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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
CUI Weicheng
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DOI:10.17265/2159-5313/2026.04.001
Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Micro/Nano-Photonic/Electronic System Integration, Hangzhou, China
Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
Modern physics is plagued by profound underlying issues including proliferated branches, absence of ontology, fragmented concepts, redundant axioms, and logical circular reasoning. Conflicts in the interpretation of space and time, the departure of wave-particle duality from realism, the substantialization of energy, and the disunity of thermal radiation mechanisms further exacerbate the fragmentation and self-inconsistency of physical theories. Based on the Unified Complex System Theory (UCST) as the theoretical framework, this paper adopts the mind-ether dual ontology and the law of paired symbiosis of concepts, takes physical particles as the sole research carrier, distinguishes absolute space from relative time, and sets aside the relativistic theory as a whole. It redefines the material dependence of momentum and energy, interprets wave-particle duality on the basis of particle realism, and provides a unified explanation for thermal and radiation phenomena through particle emission and collision mechanisms. Relying on the active-passive force model, this paper summarizes five underlying core principles capable of governing physical phenomena across all domains. Meanwhile, the original 33 axioms of UCST are streamlined into a set consisting of 17 axioms, proving that the second law of thermodynamics can be deduced from fundamental axioms rather than being regarded as an independent axiom. This paper provides a unified approach and a complete framework for constructing a new realist, non-relativistic fundamental physical theory, so as to fundamentally solve the problems of ontological absence, conceptual separation, and logical self-circulation in modern physics.
Unified Complex System Theory (UCST), mind-ether dualism, paired symbiosis of concepts, ontology of physics, absolute space, relative time, wave-particle duality, axiomatic system, philosophy of physics
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