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CUI Weicheng
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DOI:10.17265/2159-5313/2026.02.001
Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Micro/Nano-Photonic/Electronic System Integration, Hangzhou, China
Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
With holism, dynamics, interconnectedness, and emergence as its core characteristics, the Unified Complex Systems Theory (UCST) focuses on the evolutionary laws and intrinsic mechanisms of multi-element, multi-level, and multi-dimensional systems, providing a scientific analytical framework for accurately judging the existence and development of various complex phenomena. The core philosophical views of Marx and Engels, including historical materialism, dialectics, alienation theory, and communism theory, have sparked extensive debates since their proposal—garnering numerous adherents while also facing sharp criticisms—and continue to exert a certain influence on the global intellectual and political arenas. Based on the perspective of the UCST, this paper draws on both the interpretations and developments of their views by proponents such as Lenin, Lukács, and Habermas, as well as the doubts and reflections raised by critics like Popper, Russell, and Hayek. From the dual dimensions of theoretical logic and practical verification, it comprehensively analyzes the theoretical value and inherent limitations of Marx and Engels’ core philosophical views. Incorporating practical cases from multiple countries and academic research findings, this study aims to provide a neutral, objective, and pluralistic reference for the rational understanding of Marxist philosophy.
Unified Complex Systems
Theory (UCST), Marx, Engels, philosophical views, pluralistic examination,
proponents, critics
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