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Article
Author(s)
Raja Rizwan Hussain
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DOI:10.17265/1934-7359/2025.12.006
Affiliation(s)
Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
The durability of civil engineering reinforced concrete infrastructure is significantly dependent on corrosion protection. This calls for taking into consideration the detrimental effects of environmental stressors, material characteristics and the architectural design parameters. The environmental stressors consist of the severe conditions such as the presence of chloride ions, carbon dioxide, high temperature, acids, industrial pollutants, moisture, oxygen availability as well as the cyclic wetting drying exposures. All these severe environmental conditions cause corrosion initiation and propagation resulting in deterioration of the steel rebars embedded in concrete infrastructure. These environmental parameters act at various scales. The electro-chemical corrosion reactions take place at the nano and micro scale while the transportation of chloride and carbon dioxide takes into the pores of concrete take place at the micro scale. Cracking, spalling, delamination etc. causing loss of structural integrity happens at the macro level. Material related factors include cement chemistry, concrete mix design, its permeability, tortuosity of pores, pore structure, steel composition, surface condition etc. All these parameters and the performance of the protective systems developed perform a major role in corrosion mitigation and its kinetics. Parallel to these factors, the architectural and structural design also plays a vital role in corrosion control. These design parameters include member geometry, detailing quality, efficiency of drainage, ventilation considerations, quality of detailing, surface protection strategies and classification of exposure conditions. Overall, it is important to carry out an integrated interdisciplinary approach at the multi-scale level that connects the environmental exposure conditions with material characteristics under a durability oriented architectural design to protect the infrastructure from corrosion.
KEYWORDS
Environmental conditions; material characteristics; corrosion; civil engineering; reinforced concrete; architectural design
Cite this paper
Raja Rizwan Hussain. (2025). Multi-Scale Influence of Severe Environmental Conditions and Material Characteristics on the Corrosion of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Infrastructure and its Architectural Design Parameters. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, December 2025, Vol. 19, No. 12, 620-626.
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[3] Muhammad Wasim, Raja Rizwan Hussain and Muhammad Ali Baloch (2015), Investigation of Long Term Coupled Effect of High Temperature and Constant High Humidity on Corrosion Rehabilitated Patches of Reinforced Concrete Structures, International Journal of Civil Engineering, ISI, Journal ISSN: 1735-0522, March 2015, Vol. 13, Issue IA, No.1, 3-2015, pp. 68-75
[4] Mshtaq Ahmed, Abdulrahman Alhozaimy, Abdulaziz Al-Negheimish and Raja Rizwan Hussain (2025) “Assessment of Threshold Chloride for RC Structures in Tropical Climate Using Various Techniques”, American Concrete Institute ACI Materials Journal, 8th January 2025, Title No. MS No. M-2024-095.R2, Vol.122, Issue 1, pp.1-18, DOI: https://doi.org/10.14359/51744379
[5] Abdulrahman Alhozaimy, Raja Rizwan Hussain, Rajeh Al-Zaid and Abdulaziz Al- Negheimish (2012) “Coupled Effect of Ambient High Relative Humidity and Varying Temperature Marine Environment on Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete”, Construction and Building Materials Journal, ISI, DOI: doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.
2011.10.008, Vol. 28, Issue 1, pp. 670–679
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7007086, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 657-660 (4)
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[9] Koichi Maekawa, T. Ishida and T. Kishi (2008) Multi-scale modeling of Structural Concrete, F & N, SPON; ISBN : 978-0-415-46554-0.
[10] Abdulrahman Alhozaimy, Raja Rizwan Hussain and Abdulaziz Al-Negheimish (2020) “Electro-chemical Investigation for the Effect of Rebar Source and Surface Condition on the Corrosion Rate of Reinforced Concrete Structures under Varying Corrosive Environments”, Construction and building materials Journal, Elsevier, ISSN: 0950-0618, paper accepted January 2020, published 30 May 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.
2020.118317, Vol. 244, Article # 118317
[11] Abdulrahman M. Alhozaimy, Mshtaq Ahmed, Raja Rizwan Hussain and Abdulaziz Al-Negheimish (2021) “Quantitative Non-linear Effect of High Ambient Temperature on Chloride Threshold Value for Steel Reinforcement Corrosion in Concrete Under Extreme Boundary Conditions”, Materials, Vol. 14 (24), pp. 7595, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247595
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[13] Raja Rizwan Hussain, Ahmed B. Shruaim and A. Alhozaimy (2015), Investigation for the impact of nature of coarse aggregate on the passive layer formation and corresponding corrosion of reinforcement bars in high performance concrete, Construction and building materials Journal, Elsevier, ISI, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.
09.057, Dec 15, 2015, Vol. 100, pp.52-62.
[14] Raja Rizwan Hussain, Abdulrahman Alhozaimy, Abdulaziz Al Negheimish, Rajeh Al-Zaid and D.D.N Singh (2015), Mechanism of nucleation and growth of passive film on steel rebar at different durations of its exposure in concrete pore solution at nanoscale, American Concrete Institute ACI Materials Journal, ISI, Journal ISSN: 0889-325X, Vol. 112, Issue 4, pp. 523-534, July-August 2015, Title No. 112-M50, pp. 523-534, doi: 10.14359/51687662.
[15] Abdulaziz Al-Negheimish, Abdulrahman Alhozaimy, Raja Rizwan Hussain, J.K. Singh and D.D.N. Singh (2017), Pitting Susceptibility of Concrete Reinforcing Steel Bars Having Manganese Sulfide Inclusions, American Concrete Institute ACI Materials Journal, ISI, Journal ISSN: 0889-325X, DOI: 10.14359/51689595, Vol. 114, No. 3, May-June 2017, pp 441-451
[16] Raja Rizwan Hussain, Abdulrahman Alhozaimy, Abdulaziz Al-Negheimish, DDN Singh and Mshtaq Ahmed (2024) “Synergistic protection of borate and silicate salts composite for controlling the chloride-induced pitting and uniform corrosion of steel reinforcement bars embedded in mortars”, Nature Scientific Reports Journal, 5th most cited journal in the world, ISSN 2045-2322, published online 25th March, 2024, Vol. 14, Article number: 7069, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57485-1 (ISI JCR Clarivate Impact Factor: 4.996, Q1).
[17] Hussain Raja Rizwan, Tetsuya Ishida (2010) Influence of Connectivity of Concrete Pores and Associated Diffusion of Oxygen on Corrosion of Steel under High Humidity, Construction and Building Materials Journal, ISI, ISSN: 0950-0618, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.11.017, Vol. 24, Issue 6, pp.1014–1019
[18] Hussain Raja Rizwan and Tetsuya Ishida (2011) Investigation of Volumetric Effect of Coarse Aggregate on Corroding Steel Reinforcement at the Interfacial Transition Zone of Concrete, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, DOI: DOI 10.1007/s12205-011-1035-x, Journal ISSN: 1226-7988, Vol. 15, Issue 1, pp. 153-160
[19] Raja Rizwan Hussain and Tetsuya Ishida (2011) Computer-Aided Oxygen Transport Model of Mass and Energy Simulation for Corrosion of Reinforced Steel, Automation in Construction Journal, DOI: doi:10.1016/j.
autcon.2010.11.022, Vol. 20, Issue 5, pp. 559-570
[20] Hussain Raja Rizwan and Tetsuya Ishida (2011) Enhanced electro-chemical corrosion model for reinforced concrete under severe coupled actions of chloride and temperature, Construction and Building Materials Journal, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.09.014, Vol. 25, Issue 3, pp. 1305-1315
[21] Hussain Raja Rizwan, T. Ishida, Modeling of corrosion in RC structures under variable chloride environment based on thermodynamic electro-chemical approach, Journal of SSMS, Japan, SMS07-106, Vol.3, pp.104-113, 2007
[22] L. J. Parrott (1994) “study of carbonation-induced corrosion”, Magazine of Concrete Research, Volume 46, Issue 166, March 1994, pp. 23-28, DOI: 10.1680/macr.1994.46.166.23
[23] Abdulrahman M. Alhozaimy, Mshtaq Ahmed, Raja Rizwan Hussain and Abdulaziz Al-Negheimish (2021) “Quantitative Non-linear Effect of High Ambient Temperature on Chloride Threshold Value for Steel Reinforcement Corrosion in Concrete Under Extreme Boundary Conditions”, Materials, Vol. 14 (24), pp. 7595, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247595, Received: 23 October 2021 / Revised: 3 December 2021 / Accepted: 6 December 2021 / Published: 10 December 2021
[24] Raja Rizwan Hussain, Groundbreaking Electrochemical Computation of Dispersed Individual Activation Energies and Development of Activation Energy Model for Chloride Induced Corrosion of RC Structures under Ambient Temperature, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, ISI, Vol. 7, Issue 4 (2012) pp. 3656-3671.
[25] Hussain Raja Rizwan, Tetsuya Ishida (2010) Novel Approach Towards Calculation of Averaged Activation Energy Based on Arrhenius Plot for Modeling of the Effect of Temperature on Chloride Induced Corrosion of Steel in Concrete, Journal of ASTM International, ISI, ISSN: 1546-962X, Vol. 7, Issue 5, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1520/JAI102667, USA.
[26] T.G. Temperley (1965) “Corrosion phenomena in the coastal areas of the Persian gulf”, Corrosion Science, Volume 5, Issue 8, 1965, Pages 581-589.
[27] Maha Dabas, Beatriz Martín-Pérez and Husham Almansour (2021) Combined Effects of Freeze-Thaw and Corrosion on Performance of RC Structures: State-of-the-Art Review, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, Volume 35, Issue 5, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001637
[28] Emilio Bastidas-Arteaga (2018) “Reliability of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Corrosion-Fatigue and Climate Change”, International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, Published: 31 January 2018, Volume 12, article number 10.
[29] R. Vera, M. Villarroel, A.M. Carvajal, E. Vera and C. Ortiz (2009) “Corrosion products of reinforcement in concrete in marine and industrial environments”, Materials Chemistry and Physics, Volume 114, Issue 1, 15 March 2009, Pages 467-474.
[30] Piotr Woyciechowski, Paweł Łukowski, Elżbieta Szmigiera, Grzegorz Adamczewski, Karol Chilmon and Szymon Spodzieja (2021) “Concrete corrosion in a wastewater treatment plant – A comprehensive case study” Construction and Building Materials, Volume 303, 11 October 2021, 124388, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.
124388
[31] Hussain Raja Rizwan, Ishida T and Wasim M., Oxygen Transport and Corrosion of Steel in Concrete Under Varying Concrete Cover, W/C and Moisture, ACI Materials Journal, ISI, MS No. M-2009-234.R2, Title No. 109-M01, Vol. 109, No. 1, pp. 3-10, January-February 2012.
[32] Almudena Ortiz-Marqués, Pablo Caldevilla, Eryk Goldmann, Małgorzata Safuta, María Fernández-Raga and Marcin Górski (2025) “Porosity and Permeability in Construction Materials as Key Parameters for Their Durability and Performance: A Review” Buildings 2025, 15(18), 3422.
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