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Reform Leadership Force in Japan and Vietnam (The Second Half of the 19th Century and the Early 20th Century)



Author(s)

Linh Thi Phuong Pham

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DOI:10.17265/2159-550X/2026.01.005

Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam

In the historical period of the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, Asian countries had to deal with the pressure of Western colonial aggression in many different ways and forms. During this period, in Japan and Vietnam, leadership forces appeared to reform the country in the direction of bourgeois democracy to strengthen/exert itself and defend national independence. In Japan, the reform force was an alliance headed by the Mikado with the effective support of the samurai and the outside daimyo (tozama daimyo). In Vietnam, the forces that initiated the reform movement were Confucian intellectuals and patriotic elites who had early contact with Western civilization. The similarities and differences of the reform leadership forces in Japan and Vietnam under economic, cultural, social, and ideological conditions stipulate and affect the success or failure of the renovation in these two countries.

the reform leadership force, Japan, Vietnam

Linh Thi Phuong Pham. (2026). Reform Leadership Force in Japan and Vietnam (The Second Half of the 19th Century and the Early 20th Century). History Research, January 2026, Vol. 8, No. 1, 54-63.