There Is No Black American Identity and Community

Allen, R. L. (2001). The concept of self: A study of black identity and self esteem. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.

Asante, M. K. (1988). Afrocentricity. New Jersey: Africa World.

Asante, M. K. (1990). Kemet, Afrocentricity and knowledge. New Jersey: Africa World.

Billingsley, A. (1968). Black families in white America. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Billingsley, A. (1970). Black families and white social science. Journal of Social Issues, 26, 127-142.

Billingsley, A. (1993). Climbing Jacob’s ladder: The enduring legacy of African American families. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Blassingame, J. W. (1972). The slave community: Plantation life in the antebellum south. New York: Oxford University Press.

Curtin, P. D. (1969). The Atlantic slave trade: A census. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.

Drake, St. C. (1965). The social and economic status of the negro in the United States. In T. Parsons and K. B. Clark (Eds.), The negro American (pp. 3-46). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Du Bois, W. E. B. (1995 [1903]). The souls of black folk. New York: Penguin Putnam Inc.

Elkins, S. (1959). Slavery: A problem in American institutional and intellectual life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Elkins, S. M. (1972). The dynamics of unopposed capitalism. In D. Noel (Ed.), The origins of American slavery and racism (pp. 45-58). Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co.

Fanon, F. (1963). The wretched of the earth. (C. Farrington, Trans). New York: Grove Press.

Fanon, F. (1967). Black skin, white masks. (C. L. Markmann, Trans.). New York: Grove Press.

Frazier, F. E. (1939). The negro family in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Frazier, F. E. (1957). Black bourgeoisie: The rise of a new middle class. New York: The Free Press.

Frazier, F. E. (1968). The free negro family. New York: Arno Press and The New York Times.

Genovese, E. (1974). Roll, Jordan, roll. New York: Pantheon Books.

Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard.

Gutman, H. (1976). The black family in slavery and freedom 1750-1925. New York: Pantheon Books.

Handlin, O., & Handlin, M. F. (1972). The origins of negro slavery. In D. Noel (Ed.), The origins of American slavery and racism (pp. 21-44). Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co.

Harding, V. (1981). There is a river: The black struggle for freedom in America. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company.

Hare, N. (1991). The black Anglo-Saxons. Chicago: Third World Press.

Heidegger, M. (1962 [1927]). Being and time. New York: HarperSanFrancisco.

Herskovits, M. J. (1958 [1941]). The myth of the negro past. Boston: Beacon Press.

Holloway, J. E. (Ed.). (1990a). Africanisms in American culture. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Holloway, J. E. (1990b). The origins of African-American culture. In J. Holloway (Ed.), Africanisms in American culture (pp. 19-33). Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Horne, G. (1986). Black and red: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Afro-American response to the Cold War, 1944-1963. New York: State University of New York Press.

Hudson, K., & Coukos, A. (2005). The dark side of the protestant ethic: A comparative analysis of welfare reform. Sociological Theory, 23(1), 1-24.

Jordan, W. D. (1972). Modern tensions and the origins of American slavery. In D. Noel (Ed.), The origins of American slavery and racism (pp. 81-94). Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co.

Kardiner, A., & Ovesey, L. (1962 [1951]). The mark of oppression: Explorations in the personality of the American negro. New York: Meridian Ed.

Karenga, M. (1993). Introduction to black studies. California: The University of Sankore Press.

Levine, L. W. (1977). Black culture and black consciousness: Afro-American folk thought from slavery to freedom. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lincoln, E. C., & Mamiya, L. H. (1990). The black church in the African American experience. Durham and London: Duke University Press.

Meier, A. (1963). Negro thought in America, 1880-1915: Racial ideologies in the age of Booker T. Washington. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

Meier, A., & Rudwick, E. M. (1976 [1966]). From plantation to ghetto; an interpretive history of American negroes. New York: Hill and Wang.

Mocombe, P. C. (2008). The soulless souls of black folk: A sociological reconsideration of black consciousness as Du Boisian double consciousness. Maryland: University Press of America.

Mocombe, P. C. (2019). The theory of phenomenological structuralism. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Mocombe, P. C. (2021a). Consciousness field theory. Archives in Neurology & Neuroscience, 9(4), 1-6.

Mocombe, P. C. (2021b). The consciousness field. Advances in Bioengineering & Biomedical Science Research, 5(1), 11-16.

Movement Advancement Project, Family Equality Council and Center for American Progress. (2012). All children matter: How legal and social inequalities hurt LGBT families. Retrieved from https://www.lgbtmap.org/lgbt-families

Moynihan, D. P. (1965). The negro family. Washington, D.C.: Office of Planning and Research, US Department of Labor.

Murray, C. (1984). Losing ground: American social policy 1950-1980. New York: Basic Books.

Myrdal, G. (1944). An American dilemma: The negro problem and modern democracy. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.

Nobles, W. (1987). African American families: Issues, ideas, and insights. Oakland: Black Family Institute.

Patterson, O. (1982). Slavery and social death: A comparative study. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Phillips, U. B. (1918). American negro slavery: A survey of the supply, employment, and control of negro labor as determined by the plantation regime. New York: D. Appleton and Company.

Phillips, U. B. (1963). Life and labor in the old south. Boston: Little Brown.

Reed, A. L. (1997). W. E. B. Du Bois and American political thought: Fabianism and the color line. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sowell, T. (1975). Race and economics. New York: David McKay.

Sowell, T. (1981). Ethnic America. New York: Basic Books.

Spivak, C. G. (1994 [1988]). Can the subaltern speak? In P. Williams and L. Chrisma (Eds.), Colonial discourse and post-colonial theory: A reader (pp. 66-111). New York: Columbia University Press.

Stack, C. B. (1974). All our kin: Strategies for survival in a black community. New York: Harper Collins.

Stampp, K. (1967). The peculiar institution. New York: Alfred Knopf, Inc.

Staples, R. (Ed.). (1978). The black family: Essays and studies. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Sudarkasa, N. (1980). African and Afro-American family structure: A comparison. The Black Scholar, 11, 37-60.

Sudarkasa, N. (1981). Interpreting the African heritage in Afro-American family organization. In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (pp. 27-43). California: Sage Publications.

Tomlin, C. (2019). Preach it! Understanding African Caribbean preaching. London: SCM Press Norwich.

West, C. (1993). Race matters. New York: Vintage Books.

Wilderson III, F. B. (2017). Afro-pessimism and the end of redemption. Humanities Futures. Retrieved from https://humanitiesfutures.org/papers/afro-pessimism-end-redemption/

Wilson, W. J. (1978). The declining significance of race: Blacks and changing American institutions. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.

Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Winant, H. (2001). The world is a ghetto: Race and democracy since World War II. New York: Basic Books.

Wright, K. (Ed.). (2001). The African-American archive: The history of the black experience in documents. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers.

Woodson, C. G. (1969 [1933]). The mis-education of the negro. Washington: Associated Publishers Inc.

Zamir, S. (1995). Dark voices: W. E. B. Du Bois and American thought, 1888-1903. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press.