 |
[email protected] |
 |
3275638434 |
 |
 |
| Paper Publishing WeChat |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Security Risk Assessment in Container Terminals: Empirical Evidence from Greece
Constantinos Chlomoudis, Petros Pallis and Theodore Styliadis
Full-Text PDF
XML 258 Views
DOI:10.17265/2328-2142/2024.05.002
Department of Maritime Studies, Faculty of Maritime and Industrial Studies, University of Piraeus, Piraeus 18532, Greece
The most prominent risk assessment techniques are founded on the values of measuring and controlling the frequency and the consequences of risks in order to assure an “acceptable level” of “safeness” mainly in the lines of environmental, health and hygiene and port product issues. This paper examines security risk assessment approaches within the emerging role of ports. This paper contributes to the current literature by considering the ports of Greece as a case in point and by measuring the degree of its security risk orientation based on certain valid risk factors drawn from the current literature. Moreover, it presents a security risk assessment methodology into the domain of port container terminals. Their potential for ports were quantitatively and qualitatively assessed by discussing issues of security approaches within the maritime industry, in order to facilitate improvement strategies. A two-dimension empirical study was conducted, in a time range of ten years (2010-2020) in order to provide evidence regarding security risk assessment in the port container terminal of Thessaloniki, in Greece. The findings of this study have significant strategic policy implications and shed more light on the role of security risks in the overall risk orientation of container terminals in practice. Finally, further research directions in security risk in ports are proposed.
Greek ports, risk assessment, security, container terminals, empirical evidence.
Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 12 (2024) 214-223 doi: 10.17265/2328-2142/2024.05.002
[1] Ronza, A., Lazaro-Touza, L., Carol, S., and Casal, J. 2009. “Economic Valuation of Damages Originated by Major Accidents in Port Areas.” Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 22: 639-48.
[2] Ronza, A., Felez, S., Darbra, R. M., Carol, S., Vilchez, J. A., and Casal, J. 2003. “Predicting the Frequency of Accidents in Port Areas by Developing Event Trees from Historical Analysis.” Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 16 (6): 551-60.
[3] Kontovas, C. A., and Psaraftis, H. N. 2009. “Formal Safety Assessment: A Critical Review.” Marine Technology 46 (1): 45-59.
[4] Bocca, E., Viazzo, S., Longo, F., and Mirabelli, G. 2005. “Developing Data Fusion Systems Devoted to Security Control in Port Facilities.” In Proceedings of the 2005 Winter Simulation Conference, 4 December 2005, Orlando, FL, USA.
[5] Altiok, T., Carpenter, T., Melamed, M., and Roberts, F. 2008. DIMACS/Dydan/LPS Workshop on Port Security/Safety, Inspection, Risk Analysis and Modeling. New Brunswick NJ: DIMACS/Dydan Center, Core Building, Rutgers University.
[6] Bichou, K. 2008. “Security and Risk Based Models in Shipping and Ports: Review and Critical Analysis.” Discussion Paper 2008-20, OECD/ITF.
[7] Breaux, J. L. 2009. “Seaport Protection against Chemical and Biological Attacks.” Ph.D. thesis, the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.
[8] Celik, M., Lavasani, S. M., and Wangb, J. 2010. “A Risk-Based Modelling Approach to Enhance Shipping Accident Investigation.” Safety Science 48: 18-27.
[9] Chin, H. C., and Debnath, A. K. 2009. “Modeling Perceived Collision Risk in Port Water Navigation.” Safety Science 47: 1410-6.
[10] Christou, M. D. 1999. “Analysis and Control of Major Accidents from the Intermediate Temporary Storage of Dangerous Substances in Marshalling Yards and Port Areas.” Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 12 (1): 109-19.
[11] Darbra, R. M., and Casal, J. 2004. “Historical Analysis of Accidents in Seaports.” Safety Science 42: 85-98.
[12] Darbra, R. M., Crawfordb, J. F. E., Haleya, C. W., and Morrisona, R. J. 2007. “Safety Culture and Hazard Risk Perception of Australian and New Zealand Maritime Pilots.” Marne Policy 31: 736-45.
[13] Debnath, A. K., and Chin, H. C. 2010. “Hierarchical Modeling of Perceived Collision Risks in Port Fairways.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 21: 68-75.
[14] Dekker, S., and Stevens, H. 2007. “Maritime Security in the European Union-Empirical Findings on Financial Implications for Port Facilities.” Maritime Policy and Management 34 (5): 485-99.
[15] ECMT. 2005. Container Transport Security across Modes. Paris: OECD Publishing.
[16] Faz, D. R., and Orive, A. C. 2017. “Risk Assessment of Critical Infrastructures—New Parameters for Commercial Ports.” International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection 18: 50-7.
[17] Fritelli, J. F. 2009. “Port and Maritime Security: Background and Issues for Congress.” https://sgp.fas.org/crs/RL31733.pdf.
[18] Government Accountability Office. 2007. Port Risk Management. USA: Congressional Committees.
[19] Greenberg, M., Chalk, P., Willis, H. H., Khilko, I., and Ortiz, D. S. 2006. Maritime Terrorism: Risk and Liability. Santa Monica, CA, USA: RAND Center for Terrorism Risk Management Policy.
[20] Gunes, B., Kayisoglu, G., and Bolat, P. 2021. “Cyber Security Risk Assessment for Seaports: A Case Study of a Container Port.” Computers & Security 103: 102196.
[21] Johnston, V. R. 2004. “Transportation Security and Terrorism: Resetting the Model and Equations-Epilogue.” Review of Policy Research 21: 379-402.
[22] Malak, F., Rifai, A., Baydoun, R., Nsouli, B., and Dimitrov, D. 2021. “Chemical Safety and Security after Beirut Port Explosion: Part 1—State of the Art of Legal Framework and Authorization Policy.” Safety Science 144 (9): 105456.
[23] OECD. 2004. Report on Container Transport Security across Modes. Washington, DC: OECD.
[24] Orosz, M. D., Southwell, C., Barrett, A., Bakir, O., Chen, J., and Maya, I. 2009. “PortSec: Port Security Risk Management and Resource Allocation System.” In Proceedings of the 12th IFAC Symposium on Transportation Systems Redondo Beach, September 2-4, 2009, CA, USA.
[25] Pallis, A. A., and Vaggelas, G. K. 2007. “Enhancing Port Security via the Enactment of EU Policies.” In Risk Management in Port Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Security, edited by K. Bichou, M. Bell, and A. Evans. London: LLP, pp. 303-34.
[26] Peris-Mora, E., Diez Orejas, J. M., Subirats, A., Ibanez, S., and Alvarez, P. 2005. “Development of a System of Indicators for Sustainable Port Management.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 50: 1649-60.
[27] Polemi, N. 2018. Port Cybersecurity. Securing Critical Information Infrastructures and Supply Chains. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc.
[28] Rodrigue, J. P., Noteboom, T., and Pallis, A. A. 2011. “The Financialization of the Port and Terminal Industry: Revisiting Risk and Embeddedness.” Maritime Policy and Management 38 (2): 191-213.
[29] Sancho, J. C., Caro, A., Avila, M., and Bravo, A. 2020. “New Approach for Threat Classification and Security Risk Estimations Based on Security Event Management.” Future Generation Computer Systems 113: 488-505.
[30] Scholliers, J., Toivonen, S., Permala, A., and Lahtinen, T. 2012. “A Concept for Improving the Security and Efficiency of Multimodal Supply Chains.” International Journal of Applied Logistics 3 (2): 1-13.
[31] Scholliers, J., Toivonen, S., Permala, A., and Salmela, H. 2016. “Improving the Security of Containers in Port Related Supply Chains.” Transportation Research Procedia 14: 1374-83.
[32] Srikanth, S. N., and Venkataraman, R. 2007. “Strategic Risk Management in Ports.” In Risk Management in Port Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Security, edited by K. Bichou, M. G. H. Bell, and A. Evans. London: Informa, pp. 335-45.
[33] Talas, R., and Menachof, D. A. 2009. “The Efficient Trade-Off between Security and Cost for Sea Ports: A Conceptual Model.” International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management 13 (1): 46-59.
[34] Trbojevic, V. M., and Carr, B. J. 2000. “Risk Based Methodology for Safety Improvements in Ports.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 71: 467-80.
[35] Trucco, P., Cagno, E., Ruggeri, F., and Grande, O. 2007. “A Bayesian Belief network Modelling of Organisational Factors in Risk Analysis: A Case Study in Maritime Transportation.” Reliable Engineering and System Safety 3: 22-34.
[36] Yang, Z., Ng, A. K. Y., and Wang, J. 2014. “A New Risk Quantification Approach in Port Facility Security Assessment.” Transportation Research Part A 59: 72-90.
[37] Yeo, G. T., Pak, J. Y., and Yang, Z. 2013. “Analysis of Dynamic Effects on Seaports Adopting Port Security Policy.” Transportation Research Part A 49: 285-301.
[38] Yip, T. S. 2008. “Port Traffic Risks—A Study of Accidents in Hong Kong Waters.” Transportation Research Part E 44: 921-31.
[39] Zhu, R., Hu, X., Bai, Y., and Li, X. 2021. “Risk Analysis of Terrorist Attacks on LNG Storage Tanks at Ports.” Safety Science 137: 105192.
[40] CEU. 2001. White Paper-European Transport Policy for 2010: Time to Decide. Com (2001)370 Final. Brussels: CEU.
[41] Schilk, G., Blumel, E., Recagno, V., and Boeve, W. 2007. “Ship, Port and Supply Chain Security Concepts Interlinking Maritime with Hinterland Transport Chains.” In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Maritime Safety, Security and Environmental Protection, 20-21 September 2007, Athens, Greece.
[42] Barnes, P. 2004. “Security Risk Management Issues in Maritime Trade: An Analysis.” In Proceedings of the Academy of International Business (AIB) Southeast Asia Regional Conference, 2 September 2016, Guangzhou, China.
[43] Chlomoudis, C. I., Kostagiolas, P. A., and Pallis, P. L. 2012. “An Analysis of Formal Risk Assessments for Safety and Security in Ports: Empirical Evidence from Container Terminals in Greece.” Journal of Shipping and Ocean Engineering 2: 45-54.
[44] Shaluf, I. M. 2007. “An Overview of Disasters.” Disaster Prevention and Management 16 (5): 687-703.
[45] Pallis, L. P. 2017. “Minimizing Risks in Port Sector through Port Risk Assessment Methodology. The Case of Public Private Partnerships in Greece.” PhD thesis, University of Piraeus.