The Turkish Economy in the Period between 1990 and 2000 in the Light of the Open Economy Policies of the 1980s Developments

The structure of the economy seems to have been reshaped for the post-1980 period with the decisions of January 24, 1980 and the structural changes that followed. In the 1980s, which can be called the transition process to a Free-Market Economy and an open economy, on the one hand, the privatization of state institutions and the determination of the prices of goods and services in free market conditions were tried to be ensured in order to withdraw the state from economic life, on the other hand, it was tried to grant freedom to foreign trade and capital movements. While these two main issues were being realized, the import substitution industrialization strategy was abandoned and the export-led growth model was started to be implemented. The last step of this process of opening up and liberalization was realized with the decision numbered 32 in 1989. While the change in the economic structure was achieved through domestic borrowing in the 1980s, with the liberalization of capital movements in the 1990s, it was seen that economic growth and development were tried to be achieved with hot money inflows rather than foreign direct investments. This orientation made the economy more open to crises, and for the first time there was a crisis in the form of the 1994 economic crisis, which was understood to be caused by hot money. The 1994 economic crisis could only be overcome by giving government guarantees to bank deposits and issuing high-interest Treasury Bills. Even the new banking regulations could not prevent the emergence of similar new economic crises in the following years. Because, we can say that the economic crisis experienced in the 2000s brought about a political transformation along with creating great economic problems.

Akgüç, Ö. (1994). Finansal Yönetim (Financial Management), Muhasebe Enstitüsü Yayını (Accounting Institute Publication), No: 63, Gözden geçirilmiş ve genişletilmiş 9. Bası (Revised and Expanded 9th Edition), İstanbul.

Akyazı, H., & Ekinci, A. (2009). Enflasyon Hedeflemesi, Büyüme ve Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası (Inflation Targeting, Growth and the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey), Bankacılar Dergisi (Bankers Magazine), Sayı (Issue): 68, İstanbul. https:// www.tbb.org.tr, Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 05.06.2014 (June 5th 2014).

Alpay, Y., & Alkin, E. (2022). Olaylarla Türkiye Ekonomisi Yirminci Yüzyıl Türkiye Ekonomi Tarihi (Turkish Economy with Events Twentieth Century Turkish Economic History), Humanist Kitap Yayıncılık (Humanist Book Publishing), 6. Baskı (6th Edition), İstanbul.

Aydoğan, E. (2004). 1980’den Günümüze Türkiye’de Enflasyon Serüveni (Inflation Adventure in Turkey from 1980 to the Present), Yönetim ve Ekonomi (Management and Economics), Yıl: 2004 (Year: 2004), Cilt: 11 (Volume: 11), Sayı: 1 (Issue: 1), Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İİBF (Celal Bayar University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences), Manisa, 91-110. https://dergipark.org.tr>download>article-file, Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 02.09.2023 (September 2nd 2023).

Azcanlı, A. (1995). Türk Otomotiv Sanayinin Tarihsel Gelişimi (Historical Development of Turkish Automotive Industry), OSD (Otomotiv Sanayicilrri Derneği (Automotive Manufacturers Association)), Yayını (Publication), İstanbul.

Beyazıt, M. F. (2004). Türkiye Ekonomisi ve Büyüme Oranlarının Sürdürülebilirliği (Turkish Economy and Sustainability of Growth Rates), Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi (Doğuş University Magazine), 5 (1), İstanbul, ss. 89-99 (pp. 89-99). http:// www. dogus.edu.tr/index.php/duj/article/download/166/182, Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 12.09.2013 (September 12th 2013).

Boratav, K. (2007). Türkiye İktisat Tarihi (1908-2005) (Economic History of Türkiye (1908-2005)), İmge Kitabevi Yayınları (İmge Book Store Publications), 11. Baskı (11th Edition), Ankara.

Boratav, K. (1993). Türkiye İktisat Tarihi 1908-1985 (Turkish Economic History 1908-1985), Gerçek Yayınevi (Gerçek Publishing House), Yeni Dizi 1 (New Series 1), 4. Baskı (4th Edition), Ankara.

Çapoğlu, G. (1992). Türkiye İstikrar İçinde Nasıl Kalkınır? (How can Türkiye develop in stability?), Adım Yayıncılık (Adım Publishing), Ankara.

Dolanay, S. S., & Oğuztürk B. S. (2018). Otomotiv Sanayinde Teknolojik Gelişme (Güney Kore - Türkiye) Teknoloji Öncülüğünde Ekonomik Gelişme Ve Patika Bağliliği Güney Kore Ve Türkiye Otomotiv Sektörlerinde Tarihsel Gelişimi Temel Alan Bir İnceleme (Technological Development in the Automotive Industry (South Korea - Turkey) Technology-Led Economic Development and Path Dependency in the Automotive Sectors of South Korea and Turkey A Review Based on Historical Development), Alter Yayıncılık Ltd Şti (Alter Publishing House), Ankara.

Dolanay, S. S. (2023d). 1970’ lerin Petrol Krizleri Işığında 1980-1990 Arası Dönemde Türk Ekonomisindeki Gelişmeler (Developments in the Turkish Economy in the Period Between 1980 and 1990 in the Light of the Oil Crises of the 1970s), 8th Internatıonal New York Academic Research Congress on Humanıtıes and Social Sciences on June 24-26, 2023. www.newyorkcongress2023mail.com, Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 11.07.2023 (July 11th 2023).

Dolanay, S. S. (2023h). 1980’ lerin Dışa Açılma Politikaları Işıgında 1990-2000 Arası Dönemde Türk Ekonomisindeki Gelişmeler (Developments in the Turkish Economy in the Period Between 1990 and 2000 in the Light of the Opening Up Policies of the 1980s), 4th International Azerbaijan Congress on Humanities and Social Sciences on September 15-18, 2023.

Doğan, S. (2015). Türkiye Ekonomisi (Turkish Economy), İstanbul Üniversitesi Açik ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi Ortak Ders Notu (Istanbul University Open and Distance Education Faculty Common Lecture Notes). https://avys.omu.edu.tr>app>public>damla.aslan, Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 27.08.2023 (August 27th 2023).

DPT (Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı (State Planing Organisation)). (1990). 1980’den 1990’a Makroekonomik Politikalar Türkiye Ekonomisindeki Gelişmelerin Analizi ve Bazı Değerlendirmeler (Macroeconomic Policies from 1980 to 1990 Analysis of Developments in the Turkish Economy and Some Evaluations), Ankara.

DPT (SPO). (1995).1995 Yılı Geçiş Programı (1995 Transition Program), Ankara.

Eğilmez, M. (2018). Değişim Sürecinde Türkiye Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Sosyo-Ekonomik Bir Değerlendirme (Türkiye in the Process of Change: A Socio-Economic Evaluation from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic), Remzi Kitabevi (Remzi Book Store), 22. Basım (22nd Edition), Ankara.

https://www.spi.gov.tr>docs>other, Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 08.09.2023 (September 8th 2023).

https://ets.anadolu.edu.tr>storage>nfs>ebook, Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 08.09.2023 (September 8th 2023).

https://butso.org.tr>2019_sunular>FIN..., Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 08.09.2023 (September 8th 2023).

Karabıçak, M. (2000). Türkiye’de Ekonomik İstikrarsızlığın Tarihsel Gelişim Süreci (Historical Development Process of Economic Instability in Turkey), Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi (Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences), C. 5 (Vol. 5), S. 2 (Issue 2), ss. 49-65 (pp. 49-65).

Karadaş, B. (2019). Kamu Sabit Sermaye Yatirimlarinin Özel Sektör Yatirimlari Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği (The Effect of Public Fixed Capital Investments on Private Sector Investments: The Example of Türkiye), T.C. İnönü Üniversitesi  Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (T.R. İnönü University Institute of Social Sciences), Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Master’s Thesis), Malatya, 1-90. http://abakus.inonu.edu.tr>bitstream>handle, Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 31.08.2023 (August 31st 2023).

Karluk, R. (1996). Uluslararası Ekonomik Kuruluşlar (International Economic Organizations), Tütünbank Yayınları (Tütünbank Publications), 3. Baskı (3rd Edition), İstanbul.

Kazgan, G. (1995). Yeni Ekonomik Düzen’de Türkiye’nin Yeri (Turkey’s Place in the New Economic Order), 2. Baskı (2nd Edition), Altın Kitaplar Yayınevi (Gold Books Publishing House), İstanbul.

Kazgan, G. (2002). 1990 Sonrası Yıllarda Türkiye’de Krizler ve İşsizlik; Çalışanlar ve Sosyal Güvenlikleri İçin Çözümler Açısından Bir İrdeleme (Crises and Unemployment in Turkey in the Post-1990 Years; An Analysis in Terms of Solutions for Employees and Their Social Security) 1718, Mayıs 2002 (May 2002), Galatasaray Üniversitesi (Galatasaray University), İstanbul.

Saygılı, Ş., Cihan, C. & Yurtoğlu, H. (2005). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Sermaye Birikimi, Verimlilik ve Büyüme (1972-2003) (Capital Accumulation, Productivity and Growth in the Turkish Economy (1972-2003)), Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı (No. 2686) (State Planning Organization (No. 2686)). http://www.sbb.gov.tr, Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 21.11.2019 (November 21st 2019).

Seyidoğlu, H. (2003). Uluslararası Finans (International Finance), Güzem Can Yayınları (Güzem Can Publications), Geliştirilmiş 4. Baskı (Improved 4th Edition), İstanbul.

Sönmezay, N. (2007). 1990 ve Sonrasi Dönemde Türkiye’de Ekonomik Krizlerin İşgücü Piyasasina Etkileri (The Effects of Economic Crises on the Labor Market in Turkey in the 1990s and After,), T.C. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İktisat Ana Bilim Dali İktisat Politikasi Bilim Dali (T.R. Istanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Economics, Department of Economic Policy), Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Master’s Thesis). http://nek.istanbul.edu.tr>ekos>TEZ, Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 27.08.2023 (August 27th 2023).

Şahin, H. (1995). Türkiye Ekonomisi (Turkish Economy), Ezgi Yayınları (Ezgi Publications), No:167, Bursa.

Tarkun, S. (2012). Türkiye Ekonomisinde 1990 Sonrasi Finansal Krizler ve Probit Model Analizi İle Finansal Kriz Öngörüsü (Post-1990 Financial Crises in the Turkish Economy and Financial Crisis Prediction with Probit Model Analysis), İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (İnönü University International Journal of Social Sciences), İdari Bilimler (Administrative Sciences), Cilt 1 (Volume 1), Sayı 1 (Issue 1), Malatya, pp. 47-66. https://dergipark.org.tr>download>article-file, Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 04.09.2023 (September 4th 2023).

Tokgöz, E. (1999). Türkiye’nin İktisadi Gelişme Tarihi (1914-1999) (Turkey’s Economic Development History (1914-1999)), İmaj Yayınevi (İmaj Publishing House), Gözden Geçirilmiş ve Genişletilmiş 5. Bası (Revised and Expanded 5th Edition), Ankara.

Tokgöz, E. (2001). Türkiye’nin İktisadi Gelişme Tarihi (1914-2001) (Turkey’s Economic Development History (1914-2001)), İmaj Yayıncılık (İmaj Publishing), Ankara.

Topoğlu, E. (2010). 1990 Sonrasi Dönemde Yaşanan Finansal Krizlerin Türkiye Ekonomisine Etkileri (The Effects of the Financial Crises in the Post-1990 Period on the Turkish Economy), T.C. Kirikkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İktisat Anabilim Dali (T.R. Kirikkale University Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Economics), Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Master’s Thesis), Kırıkkale. https://acikerisim.kku.edu.tr>bitstream>handle, Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 04.09.2023 (September 4th 2023).

Turan, Z. (2005). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Kasim 2000 - Şubat 2001 Krizleri (November 2000 - February 2001 Crises in the Turkish Economy), TÜHİS (Turkish Heavy Industry and Service Sector Public Employers’ Union). https://www.tuhis.org.tr>upload>dergi, Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 02.09.2023 (September 2nd 2023).

Türeli, R. A. (2008). Türkiye Ekonomisinin Makroekonomik Dengelerinin Analizi (1990-2006) (Analysis of Macroeconomic Balances of the Turkish Economy (1990-2006)). 2. Ulusal İktisat Kongresi (2nd National Economics Congress), DEU İİBF İktisat Bölümü (Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Economics), İzmir.

Türkkan, E. (1998). 1990 Sonrasında Türkiye’de Sanayileşme (Industrialization in Turkey After 1990), Türkiye Ekonomisi Sektörel Analiz (Turkish Economy Sectoral Analysis), Hazırlayan Şahinöz Ahmet (Prepared by Şahinöz Ahmet), Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu (Turkish Economic Association), Turhan Kitabevi (Turhan Book Store), Ankara içinde (inside), pp. 111-145.

Uslu, H. (2020). Kamu ve Özel Kesim Ayriminda Sabit Sermaye Yatirimlari İle Milli Gelir İlişkisi: 1963-2018 Türkiye Örneği (The Relationship between Fixed Capital Investments and National Income in the Distinction of Public and Private Sectors: 1963-2018 Türkiye Example), T.C. Dumlupinar Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü Bankacılık ve Finans Anabilim Dalı (T.R. Dumlupinar University Graduate Education Institute, Department of Banking and Finance), Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Master’s Thesis), Kütahya. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr>bitstream>handle, Erişim Tarihi (Date of Access): 27.08.2023 (August 27th 2023).

Yiğit, H. (2018). Türkiye’de Cari İşlemler Açiği Sorunu: Nedenleri, Ekonomiye Etkileri ve Çözüm Önerileri (Current Account Deficit Problem in Turkey: Causes, Effects on the Economy and Solution Suggestions), T.C. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İktisat Anabilim Dalı (T.R. Hitit University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Economics), Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Master’s Thesis), Çorum, http://cdn.hitit.edu.tr>sbe>files, Erişim Tarihi (Dae of Access): 02.09.2023 (September 2nd 2023).