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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Article
The Association Between Smoking and Major Depression: a Neural Network Analysis
Author(s)
Şeyda Çankaya1 and Seda Avnioğlu2
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DOI:10.17265/1548-6648/2021.02.002
Affiliation(s)
1. Department of Neurology, Medical School, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Antalya, PC: 07400, Turkey
2. Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Antalya, PC: 07400, Turkey
ABSTRACT
There is a strong relationship between MDD (major depressive disorder) and smoking. However, the underlying neural mechanisms between MDD and smoking are not clean yet. Although several neuroimaging studies include brain volumes, PET studies for smoked and depressive individuals, fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) analyses have been waiting to fill this gap. We have aimed to investigate the brain network differences between smoking and non-smoking MDD subjects with fMRI analyses. Method: Fourteen female (aged 20-38) and six male subjects (aged 21-37) with MDD were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Smoker (n = 10) and non-smoker (n = 10) individuals with MDD were compared with HAM-D (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) and fMRI. Results: In fMRI analyses, smokers exhibited increased brain activations in the precentral gyrus, supplementary motor area, and frontal gyrus in smokers than non-smokers with MDD (p<0.05). Clinically, the HAM-D score was higher in smokers than non-smokers (p = 0.046). Smoker and non-smoker groups were similar in age, gender, and duration of MDD. Conclusion: In conclusion, increased severity of depression requires different network interactions in smoker depressive patients from non-smokers. Further controlled cases with long-term studies are needed to solve the confusion and clarify cause and effects relationships in this area of cognitive neuroscience.
KEYWORDS
Depression, smoking, fMRI.
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