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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Article
Higher Education in Taiwan: An Analysis of Trends Using the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium
Author(s)
Yu-Lan Huang; Dian-Fu Chang; Chiung-Wen Liu
Full-Text PDF
XML 16233 Views
DOI:10.17265/2159-5836/2018.01.018
Affiliation(s)
Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Tamkang University, New Taipei Taiwan. Tamkang Univeristy, New Taipei, Taiwan. Tamkang Univeristy, New Taipei, Taiwan; Hua Shiun Elementary School, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
ABSTRACT
Taiwan is currently facing the serious challenge of decreasing enrollment in higher education institutes (HEIs) due to the oversupply of these institutions and decreasing birthrates. This has necessitated that policymakers implement new policies to meet the demands of the market. This paper uses punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) to explain the circumstances that led to the overexpansion of Taiwan’s higher education institutions over the past decades. This article also analyzes the social contexts and ramifications of social conflict regarding public expectations and policy changes in the ideology of the educational reform movement.
KEYWORDS
higher educational institutes (HEIs), oversupply educational system, the market mechanism, punctuated equilibrium theory (PET)
Cite this paper
References
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Chin. M. C., Kuo, S. Y., & Wu, W. D. (2002). Review of high school and university admission system. Toward a Normal Nation: A Proceedings of the Symposium on National Politics (284-303). Taipei: Institute for Information Industry (In Chinese).
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Giroux, H. A. (2002). Neo-liberalism, corporate culture, and the promise of higher education: the university as a democratic public sphere. Harvard Educational Review, 72(4), 1-31.
Givel, M. (2010). Unexplained and anomalous policy output patterns in punctuated equilibrium theory: Challenging the dominant paradigm and building a better theory. Presented to: Challenging Orthodoxies: The Critical Governance Studies Conference 13-14, December 2010, University of Warwick, U.K.
Gould, S., & Eldredge, N. (1977). Punctuated equilibrium: The tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology, 3, 115-151.
Ho, C. H. (2012). The evaluation of career preparation behavior model for the collegiate athletes with confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Sport and Recreation Management, 9(2), 192-201.
Hou, A. Y. C. (2012). Development of Taiwan’s research excellence initiative and its impact on Taiwan higher education. Journal of International Higher Education, 5(2), 70-73.
Hsueh, J. (2003). Ten-year educational reform built a dream for whom?—From sociology and demography views. Taipei: Psychology Publishing Company (In Chinese).
Hsueh, J. (2009). The impact of declining births on the development of senior high schools: A sociological perspective. China Education, 60(1), 8-19.
Hsung, R. M., F. B. Chang, & Y. F. Lin. (2010). Changes in participation in Post-Martial Law Voluntary Associations: Effects and implications of period and cohort. Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 44, 55-105 (in Chinese).
Hwang, K. K. (2003). What are mistakes in educational reform?—My scheme. Taipei: INK Publishing Company (In Chinese).
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Jones, B. D., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2012). From there to here: Punctuated equilibrium to the general punctuation thesis to a theory of government information processing. Policy Studies Journal, 40(1), 1-19.
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Law, W. W. (2002). Education reform in Taiwan: A search for a “national” identity through democratization and Taiwanisation. Compare, 32(1), 61-81.
Lin, Y. F. (2014). Clarifications of diploma inflation. Taiwan Educational Review, 3(12). 1-3. (In Chinese).
May, X. R., Chang, F. B., & Lin, Y. F. (2010) The trend of public association participation after the lift of martial law: the effects and meanings of periods and era. The Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 44, 55-105. (In Chinese).
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Ministry of Education. (2012a). Summary of statistics: Summary of education at all levels in SY 2011. Retrieved from http://english.moe.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=12862&ctNode=1184 &mp=1
Ministry of Education. (2012b). Higher education in Taiwan 2012-2013. Retrieved from http://www.edu.tw
Ministry of Education. (2013a). Educational statistics. Retrieved from
http://www.edu.tw/Default.aspx?WID=31d75a44-efff-4c44-a075-15a9eb7aecdf
Ministry of Education. (2013b). White paper on national cultivation of talents. Retrieved from
http://ws.moe.edu.tw/001/Upload/3/RelFile/6315/6919/教育部人才培育白皮書.pdf
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http://www.edu.tw/pages/detail.aspx?Node=4075&Page=20046&Index=5&WID=31d75a44-efff-4c44-a075-15a9eb7aecdf
Ministry of Education. (2015b). Higher education innovation and transformation. Retrieved from
https://heitoplus.edu.tw/upload/download1fs1160401580342156.pdf
Ministry of Education. (2016a). Predicting the enrollment of higher education. Retrieved from http://www.edu.tw/News_Plan_Content.aspx?n=D33B55D537402BAA&sms=954974C68391B710&s=889A5EA64C666473
Ministry of Education. (2016b). Summary of tertiary education institutes (2015-2016). Retrieved from
http://stats.moe.gov.tw/files/main_statistics/u.xls
Ministry of Education. (2016c). 2017 directions of policy implementing. Retrieved from
http://depart.moe.edu.tw/ED2100/News_Content.aspx?n=D23E9B1FC9ED5D63&sms=4186928212B88A3A&s=424DCB92C1DDC710
News (2015). Retrieved from http://focustaiwan.tw/news/afav/201512120024.aspx
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News (2016b). Retrieved from http://www.ettoday.net/news/20160327/670275.htm (03272016)
Pan, H. L. (2011). Review of the Chinese education in past 100 years—Inheritance and Innovation. Review of the educational reform in past 10 decades. Taipei: Pro-ed publishing company. (In Chinese).
Schofer, E., & Hironaka, A. (2005). World society and environmental protection outcomes. Social Forces, (84), 25-47.
Scribner, J., Aleman, E., & Maxcy, B. (2003). Emergence of the politics of education field: Making sense of the messy center. Educational Administration Quarterly, 39(1), 10-40.
Simon, H. A. (1955). A Behavioral model of rational choice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1), 99-118.
Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1), 99-118.
Tang, C. -M. (2003). The analysis of Taiwan’s higher education merger and expansion. Retrieved from: www3.nccu.edu.tw/~tangcm/doc/2.html/article/E219.pdf (05082017)
Trow, M. A. (2006). Reflections on the transition from elite to mass to universal Access: Forms and phases of higher education in modern societies since WWII. In International Handbook of Higher Education (18), 243-280. P. G. Altbach (Ed.). New York: Springer.
True, J. L., Jones, B. D., & Baumgartner, F. R. (1999). Punctuated-equilibrium theory: Explaining stability and Ahange in American policymaking. In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.), Theories of the policy process (pp. 97-115). Boulder: Westview Press.
True, J. L., Jones, B. D., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2007). Punctuated equilibrium theory’ in (ed.) p. sabatier theories of the policy process (2nd edition). Cambridge MA: Westview Press.
Tsai, S. L., & Shavit, Y. (2003). Higher education in Taiwan: Expansion and inequality of educational opportunity. Paper presented at the International Sociology Association RC28 Research Committee on Social Stratification and Mobility’s New York Meeting, August 22-24.
Tu, C. -S. (2007). Taiwan’s educational reform and the future of Taiwan. Invited speech presented at London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved from
http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/taiwanProgramme/TaiwanEducationalReform_English.pdf
Yang, S. -W. (2001). The development of mass higher education. Educational Research & Information, 8(4), 17-31.
Baumgartner, F., & Jones, B. (1991). Agenda dynamics and policy sub-systems. Journal of Politics, 53(4), 1044-1074.
Baumgartner, F., & Jones, B. (1993). Agendas and instability in American politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Baumgartner, F., & Jones, B. (2009). Agendas and instability in American politics (2nd ed). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cairney, P. (2013). How can policy theory have an impact on policy making? International Conference on Public Policy, Grenoble. June 2013.Retrieved from http://www.icpublicpolicy.org/Expertise-and-involvement-in-the
Cerna, L. (2013). The nature of policy change and implementation: A review of different theoretical approaches. OECD https://www.oecd.org/edu/ceri/The%20Nature%20of%20Policy%20Change%20and%20Implementation.pdf
Chan, S. J., & Lin, L. W. (2015). Massification of higher education in Taiwan: shifting pressure from admission to employment. Higher Education Policy, 28(1), 17-33.
Chang Chien, C. K., Lin, L. C., & Chen, C. F. (2013). The main features and the key challenges of the education system in Taiwan. Higher Education Studies, 3(6), 1-14.
Chang, D. F. (2012). College students’ perceptions of studying abroad and their readiness. Asia Pacific Education Review, 13(4), 583-591.
Chen, D. S. (2010). Higher education in Taiwan: The crisis of rapid expansion. University in Crisis—Blog of the international Sociological Association (ISA). Retrieved from http://www.isa-sociology.org/universities-in-crisis/?p=417
Chin. M. C., Kuo, S. Y., & Wu, W. D. (2002). Review of high school and university admission system. Toward a Normal Nation: A Proceedings of the Symposium on National Politics (284-303). Taipei: Institute for Information Industry (In Chinese).
Chou, C. P. (2014). Syndrome in Taiwan’s academia. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 22(29), 1-22.
Chou, C. P. (2015). Who benefits from Taiwan’s mass higher education? In C. S. Jung and G. Postiglione, Mass Higher Education Development in East Asia. Strategy, Quality, and Challenges. Volume 2 of the Series Knowledge Studies in Higher Education, 231-243.
Giroux, H. A. (2002). Neo-liberalism, corporate culture, and the promise of higher education: the university as a democratic public sphere. Harvard Educational Review, 72(4), 1-31.
Givel, M. (2010). Unexplained and anomalous policy output patterns in punctuated equilibrium theory: Challenging the dominant paradigm and building a better theory. Presented to: Challenging Orthodoxies: The Critical Governance Studies Conference 13-14, December 2010, University of Warwick, U.K.
Gould, S., & Eldredge, N. (1977). Punctuated equilibrium: The tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology, 3, 115-151.
Ho, C. H. (2012). The evaluation of career preparation behavior model for the collegiate athletes with confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Sport and Recreation Management, 9(2), 192-201.
Hou, A. Y. C. (2012). Development of Taiwan’s research excellence initiative and its impact on Taiwan higher education. Journal of International Higher Education, 5(2), 70-73.
Hsueh, J. (2003). Ten-year educational reform built a dream for whom?—From sociology and demography views. Taipei: Psychology Publishing Company (In Chinese).
Hsueh, J. (2009). The impact of declining births on the development of senior high schools: A sociological perspective. China Education, 60(1), 8-19.
Hsung, R. M., F. B. Chang, & Y. F. Lin. (2010). Changes in participation in Post-Martial Law Voluntary Associations: Effects and implications of period and cohort. Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 44, 55-105 (in Chinese).
Hwang, K. K. (2003). What are mistakes in educational reform?—My scheme. Taipei: INK Publishing Company (In Chinese).
Hwang, K. K. (2016). Academic self-colonization and the crisis of higher education in Taiwan and mainland China. Chinese education models in a global age (pp. 77-86). Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science + Business Media Singapore 2016.
Jones, B. D., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2012). From there to here: Punctuated equilibrium to the general punctuation thesis to a theory of government information processing. Policy Studies Journal, 40(1), 1-19.
Kuo, Y. Y. (2016). Taiwan Universities: Where to go? Humanities, 2016, 5, 12. doi:10.3390/h5010012.
Law, W. W. (2002). Education reform in Taiwan: A search for a “national” identity through democratization and Taiwanisation. Compare, 32(1), 61-81.
Lin, Y. F. (2014). Clarifications of diploma inflation. Taiwan Educational Review, 3(12). 1-3. (In Chinese).
May, X. R., Chang, F. B., & Lin, Y. F. (2010) The trend of public association participation after the lift of martial law: the effects and meanings of periods and era. The Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 44, 55-105. (In Chinese).
Ministry of Education. (1994a). Education in the Republic of China. Taipei, Taiwan: Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Education.
Ministry of Education. (1994b). The Minutes of National Education Conference. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of Education.
Ministry of Education. (1995). Education Report of the Republic of China. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of Education.
Ministry of Education. (2012a). Summary of statistics: Summary of education at all levels in SY 2011. Retrieved from http://english.moe.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=12862&ctNode=1184 &mp=1
Ministry of Education. (2012b). Higher education in Taiwan 2012-2013. Retrieved from http://www.edu.tw
Ministry of Education. (2013a). Educational statistics. Retrieved from
http://www.edu.tw/Default.aspx?WID=31d75a44-efff-4c44-a075-15a9eb7aecdf
Ministry of Education. (2013b). White paper on national cultivation of talents. Retrieved from
http://ws.moe.edu.tw/001/Upload/3/RelFile/6315/6919/教育部人才培育白皮書.pdf
Ministry of Education. (2015a). Survey on number of enrolled students and schools at each education level (written in Chinese). Retrieved from
http://www.edu.tw/pages/detail.aspx?Node=4075&Page=20046&Index=5&WID=31d75a44-efff-4c44-a075-15a9eb7aecdf
Ministry of Education. (2015b). Higher education innovation and transformation. Retrieved from
https://heitoplus.edu.tw/upload/download1fs1160401580342156.pdf
Ministry of Education. (2016a). Predicting the enrollment of higher education. Retrieved from http://www.edu.tw/News_Plan_Content.aspx?n=D33B55D537402BAA&sms=954974C68391B710&s=889A5EA64C666473
Ministry of Education. (2016b). Summary of tertiary education institutes (2015-2016). Retrieved from
http://stats.moe.gov.tw/files/main_statistics/u.xls
Ministry of Education. (2016c). 2017 directions of policy implementing. Retrieved from
http://depart.moe.edu.tw/ED2100/News_Content.aspx?n=D23E9B1FC9ED5D63&sms=4186928212B88A3A&s=424DCB92C1DDC710
News (2015). Retrieved from http://focustaiwan.tw/news/afav/201512120024.aspx
News (2016a). Retrieved from http://a.udn.com/focus/2016/08/08/23749/index.html?from=udn-referralnews_ch1012artbottom
News (2016b). Retrieved from http://www.ettoday.net/news/20160327/670275.htm (03272016)
Pan, H. L. (2011). Review of the Chinese education in past 100 years—Inheritance and Innovation. Review of the educational reform in past 10 decades. Taipei: Pro-ed publishing company. (In Chinese).
Schofer, E., & Hironaka, A. (2005). World society and environmental protection outcomes. Social Forces, (84), 25-47.
Scribner, J., Aleman, E., & Maxcy, B. (2003). Emergence of the politics of education field: Making sense of the messy center. Educational Administration Quarterly, 39(1), 10-40.
Simon, H. A. (1955). A Behavioral model of rational choice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1), 99-118.
Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1), 99-118.
Tang, C. -M. (2003). The analysis of Taiwan’s higher education merger and expansion. Retrieved from: www3.nccu.edu.tw/~tangcm/doc/2.html/article/E219.pdf (05082017)
Trow, M. A. (2006). Reflections on the transition from elite to mass to universal Access: Forms and phases of higher education in modern societies since WWII. In International Handbook of Higher Education (18), 243-280. P. G. Altbach (Ed.). New York: Springer.
True, J. L., Jones, B. D., & Baumgartner, F. R. (1999). Punctuated-equilibrium theory: Explaining stability and Ahange in American policymaking. In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.), Theories of the policy process (pp. 97-115). Boulder: Westview Press.
True, J. L., Jones, B. D., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2007). Punctuated equilibrium theory’ in (ed.) p. sabatier theories of the policy process (2nd edition). Cambridge MA: Westview Press.
Tsai, S. L., & Shavit, Y. (2003). Higher education in Taiwan: Expansion and inequality of educational opportunity. Paper presented at the International Sociology Association RC28 Research Committee on Social Stratification and Mobility’s New York Meeting, August 22-24.
Tu, C. -S. (2007). Taiwan’s educational reform and the future of Taiwan. Invited speech presented at London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved from
http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/taiwanProgramme/TaiwanEducationalReform_English.pdf
Yang, S. -W. (2001). The development of mass higher education. Educational Research & Information, 8(4), 17-31.