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Development of Lead Free Crystal Glass Using Silica Sand from Gong Belibis Setiu, Terengganu



Author(s)

Mohamad Haniza Mahmud, Mohd Idham Mustaffar and Abdul Hadi Abdul Rahman

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DOI:10.17265/2328-2193/2016.03.004

The silica sand deposit located at km 55 Jalan Pantai Kuala Terengganu-Kuala Besut in the District of Setiu, North Terengganu consists of loose sand of fine to coarse grain size which is developed over the raised beaches of marine origin. The underlying bedrock is believed to be either metasediment of Late Paleozoic age or intrusive granitic rocks. The average content of SiO₂ is 99.3% while for the Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂, their average content are 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.2% respectively. The screen analyses show that more than 90 percent of the silica sand is within 150 to 1,180 micron size range. The total area underlain by potential silica sand is about 1.9 million sq. metres with total measured reserve about 2.6 million tonnes. According to Malaysian Standard, MS 701:1981 and British Standard BS 2975:1988, silica sand for making crystal glass should meet the grade B specification in which the purity of silica sand is not less than 99.5% with only a small amount of iron oxide (0.015%), alumina (0.05%), chromium oxide (maximum 2 ppm) and other mineral oxides. In the production of crystal glass, a front loading furnace was used and maximum melting temperature was 1400 °C. After melting process, physical evaluation on the crystal glass products were performed pertaining to complete accomplishment of melting such as existing of bubbles inside crystal glasses. In order to ensure that crystal glass quality meets the international standard, specification for crystal glass published by British standard BS 3828:1973 was taken as a guideline. Some of the parameters are density, surface hardness and refractive index. In general, silica sand from Gong Belibis, Setiu Terengganu is suitable as a raw material for making crystal glass product.

Silica sand, attrition scrubbing, crystal glass and refractive index.