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The “Urban Water Machine”: A Landscape-Based Approach for Urban Planning
Martin Knuijt
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DOI:10.17265/1934-7359/2022.03.001
OKRA Landscape Architects, Utrecht 3511 AB, The Netherlands
Climate change is confronting cities across the globe, resulting in extreme weather conditions: floods, droughts, forest fires, and hurricanes. These natural hazards have become so severe that it is increasingly difficult to manage them. Urbanization, which has marginalized nature and water over time, has exacerbated these conditions. By replacing natural features with hardscape, cities are less adaptive to environmental fluctuations, and climate-related hazards are intensified, through heat island effect for example. Streets, squares, and parts of the city are inundated by water. The need to give space to water and nature in the city is more urgent than ever. The essential relationship between water and humans gave birth to our cities. This relationship has evolved across time and geography, and our current climate and ecological crises are calling us to take the next step in this evolution. Improving natural systems within the city, including a holistic approach for rivers, waterways, and green corridors, will improve resilience to flash floods and drought, contribute to heat mitigation, and improve urban living conditions. It will create possibilities for new economic, environmental, community, and social developments. A contemporary and healthy relationship between humanity and nature requires creating a basic, sustainable, spatial framework that upgrades and connects larger green and water (blue) structures. These blue-green structures should also be linked within the city and within its neighborhoods. The new mechanism to balance water in the city will be an integrated system, what we call the “urban water machine”. By integrating our natural and man-made water systems with each other, and with green spaces in and around the urban environment, we can regenerate the “urban water machine” and use it as the basis for a truly holistic approach to spatial planning. To shape our contemporary relationship with water, it is important to develop both innovative design tools and spatial typologies. A design approach based on the “urban water machine” provides climate adaptive solutions with nature-based design tools within the green landscape framework combined with blue-green design tools in public spaces. Such a holistic approach will help to care for the city as a whole, making them more beautiful, vibrant, and resilient.
Water management, resilience, flood risk mitigation, water retention, landscape, nature-based design, urbanism.
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