How do We “Know” What Our Students “Know” They “Know”?

With an emphasis on diversifying higher education, responding to the question of how we know that all of our students know what we need for them to know requires educators to include context and culture within our educational inquiry methodologies. A synthesis of literature shares a table of measures that are organized into seven inquiry approaches, all used to understand how students know. Ways to foster students’ awareness of their knowing that incorporate considerations of context and culture are proposed as well as challenges of integrating the approaches or lenses through which we evaluate all students’ ways of knowing.