Paper Status Tracking

Journals by Title

Journals by Subject

Contact us

	[email protected]
	3275638434

	Paper Publishing WeChat

Useful Links

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

Article

Open Access

The Fourth Industrial Evolution and the Fight Against Carbon Leakage and the Issue of Climate Change

Author(s)

Đào Gia Phúc

Full-Text PDF Download XML 1142 Views

DOI:10.17265/1548-6591/2018.01.005

Affiliation(s)

University of Economics and Law, VNU-HCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

ABSTRACT

National climate measure or border carbon adjustment is one of the best solutions to combat carbon leakage, and the issue of climate change since international cooperation has not reached any significant movement in decades. However, the adoption of such measures can be faced with legal uncertainties under the legal framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO) with its principles of trade liberalizations. Particularly, border carbon adjustment might violate the market access, non-discrimination principles, disciplines of technical regulations, and the regulations on subsidies. This paper focuses on the legal hurdles of the issue and discusses a possible approach to enhancing the capacities of the domestic industries itself to offset the disadvantages of competitiveness especially within the fourth industrial evolution rather than strict measures imposing on imports that may violate the international trade law.

KEYWORDS

the fourth industrial evolution, climate change, border carbon adjustment, carbon leakage, WTO law

Cite this paper

Journal of US-China Public Administration, January 2018, Vol. 15, No. 1, 43-54

References

Ahmed, K., & Long, W. (2013). Climate change and trade policy: From legal complications to time factor. Journal of International Trade Law & Policy, 12(3), 258-271.

Alabi, S. A. (2012). Using litigation to enforce climate obligations under domestic and international laws. Carbon & Climate Law Review: CCLR, 6(3), 209-220.

Belis, D., Joffe, P., Kerremans, B., & Qi, Y. (2015). China, the United States and the European Union: Multiple bilateralism and prospects for a new climate change diplomacy. Carbon & Climate Law Review: CCLR, 9(3), 203-218.

Bhagwati, J., & Mavroidis, P. C. (2007). Is action against US exports for failure to sign Kyoto Protocol WTO-legal? World Trade Review, 6(2), 299-310.

Brenton, A. (2013). “Great powers” in climate politics. Climate Policy, 13(5), 541-546.

Bretschger, L. (2013). Climate policy and equity principles: Fair burden sharing in a dynamic world. Environment and Development Economics, 18(5), 517-536.

Casier, L., Fraser, R., Halle, M., & Wolfe, R. (2014). Shining a light on fossil fuel subsidies at the WTO: How NGOs can contribute to WTO notification and surveillance. World Trade Review, 13(4), 603-632.

Charnovitz, S. (2010). Trade and climate change: A report by the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Trade Organization. World Trade Review, 9(1), 273-281.

Colombier, M., & Neuhoff, K. (2008). Sectoral emission agreements—Can they address leakage? Environmental Policy and Law, 38(3), 161-166.

Condon, B. J. (2009). Climate change and unresolved issues in WTO law. Journal of International Economic Law, 12(4), 895-926.

Corvaglia, M. A. (2014). South-South technology transfer addressing climate change and its (missing) international regulatory framework. Carbon & Climate Law Review: CCLR, 8(2), 125-137.

Cottier, T., Nartova, O., & Bigdeli, S. Z. (2009). International trade regulation and the mitigation of climate change: World trade forum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

de Sépibus, J., & Holzer, K. (2014). The UNFCCC at a crossroads: Can increased involvement of business and industry help rescue the multilateral climate regime? Carbon & Climate Law Review: CCLR, 8(1), 23-34.

Deane, F. J. (2014). Emissions trading and the GATS financial services provisions: A case study of the Australian carbon pricing mechanism. Journal of International Trade Law & Policy, 13(1), 44-66.

Eichner, T., & Pethig, R. (2015). Unilateral climate policy with production-based and consumption-based carbon emission taxes. Environmental and Resource Economics, 61(2), 141-163.

Frankel, J. (2005). Climate and trade: Links between the Kyoto Protocol and WTO. Environment, 47(7), 8-19.

Franklin, R. S., & Ruth, M. (2012). Growing up and cleaning up: The environmental Kuznets curve redux. Applied Geography, 32(1), 29-39.

Graichen, V., Schumacher, K., Matthes, F. C., Mohr, L., Duscha, V., Schleich, J., & Diekmann, J. (2008). Impacts of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme on the industrial competitiveness in Germany. Berlin: German Federal Environment Agency.

Haites, E., Yamin, F., & Höhne, N. (2014). Possible elements of a 2015 agreement to address climate change. Carbon & Climate Law Review: CCLR, 8(1), 3-12.

Hallding, K., J¨risoo, M., Carson, M., & Atteridge, A. (2013). Rising powers: The evolving role of BASIC countries. Climate Policy, 13(5), 608-631.

Hansen, J., Kharecha, P., Sato, M., Masson-Delmotte, V., Ackerman, F., Beerling, D. J., … Zachos, J. C. (2013). Assessing “dangerous climate change”: Required reduction of carbon emissions to protect young people, future generations and nature. PLoS One, 8(12), e81648.

Holzer, K. (2010). Proposals on carbon-related border adjustments: Prospects for WTO compliance. Carbon & Climate Law Review: CCLR, 4(1), 51-64.

Holzer, K., & Shariff, N. (2012). The inclusion of border carbon adjustments in preferential trade agreements: Policy implications. Carbon & Climate Law Review: CCLR, 6(3), 246-260.

Hourcade, J.-C., Damailly, D., Neuhoff, K., & Sato, M. (2014). Differentiation and dynamics of EU ETS industrial competitiveness impacts: Final report. Retrieved from http://climatestrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/1-climate strategies-competitiveness-final-report-140108.pdf

Houser, T., Bradley, R., Childs, B., Werksman, J., & Heilmayr, R. (2008). Leveling the carbon playing field: International competition and US climate policy design. Retrieved from http://pdf.wri.org/leveling_the_carbon_playing_field.pdf

Hufbauer, G. C., & Kim, J. (2010). Climate change and trade: Searching for ways to avoid a train wreck. Proceedings from TAIT Second Conference “Climate Change, Trade and Competitiveness: Issues for the WTO”. June 16-18, Geneva.

Hufbauer, G. C., Charnovitz, S., & Kim, J. (2009). Global warming and the world trading system. Washington, D.C.: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

IPCC. (2013). Fifth assessment report—Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/ report/ar5/wg1/

IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Synthesis report. Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_ AR5_FINAL_full_wcover.pdf

Kaufmann, C., & Weber, R. H. (2011). Carbon-Related border tax adjustment: Mitigating climate change or restricting international trade? World Trade Review, 10(4), 497-525.

Kent, A. (2014). Implementing the principle of policy integration: Institutional interplay and the role of international organizations. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 14(3), 203-224.

Kienast, A. N. (2015). Consensus behind action: The fate of the Paris Agreement in the United States of America. Carbon & Climate Law Review: CCLR, 9(4), 314-327.

Ladly, S. D. (2012). Border carbon adjustments, WTO-law and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 12(1), 63-84.

Leal-Arcas, R. (2013). Climate change mitigation from the bottom up: Using preferential trade agreements to promote climate change mitigation. Carbon & Climate Law Review: CCLR, 7(1), 34-42.

Mahapatra, S. K., & Ratha, K. C. (2017). Paris climate accord: Miles to go. Journal of International Development, 29(1), 147-154.

Matsushita, M., Schoenbaum, T. J., Mavroidis, P. C., & Hahn, M. (2015). The World Trade Organization: Law, practice, and policy. Oxford University Press.

Mattoo, A., Subramanian, A., van der Mensbrugghe, D., & He, J. (2013). Trade effects of alternative carbon border-tax schemes. Review of World Economics, 149(3), 587-609.

Messerlin, P. A. (2012). Climate and trade policies: From mutual destruction to mutual support. World Trade Review, 11(1), 53-80.

Meyer, T. (2014). From contract to legislation: The logic of modern international lawmaking. Chicago Journal of International Law, 14(2), 559-624.

Moïsé, E., & Steenblik, R. (2011). Trade-Related measures based on processes and production methods in the context of climate-change mitigation. OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers. Paris: OECD Publishing.

Monjon, S., & Quirion, P. (2011). A border adjustment for the EU ETS: Reconciling WTO rules and capacity to tackle carbon leakage. Climate Policy, 11(5), 1212-1225.

Moomaw, W. (2015). Will the Paris climate accord and future climate treaties be a vision or a roadmap? The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 39(2), 41-48.

Nejat, P., Jomehzadeh, F., Taheri, M. M., Gohari, M., & Abd. Majid, M. Z. (2015). A global review of energy consumption, CO² emissions and policy in the residential sector (with an overview of the top ten CO² emitting countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 43, 843-862.

Neuhoff, K., Matthes, F. C., Betz, R., Dröge, S., Johnston, A., Kudelko, M., ... Suwala, W. (2008). The role of auctions for emissions trading. Retrieved from http://climatestrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/role-of-auctions-09-oct-08final. pdf

Park, D.-Y. (2016). Legal issues on climate change and international trade law. Korea: Springer.

Perrone, N. M. (2016). The international investment regime after the global crisis of neoliberalism: Rupture or continuity? Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 23(2), 603-627.

Regan, D. (2009). How to think about PPMs (and climate change). In T. Cottier, O. Nartova, and S. Z. Bigdeli (Eds.), International trade regulation and the mitigation of climate change: World trade forum (pp. 97-123). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Reinaud, J. (2008). Issues behind competitiveness and carbon leakage: Focus on heavy industry. Paris: IEA. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Competitiveness_and_Carbon_Leakage.pdf

Lennon, E., Lyman, E., Meltzer, J., Redick, T. P., & Smith, J. (2013). International environmental law. The International Lawyer, 47(4), 435-451.

Shadikhodjaev, S. (2013). First WTO judicial review of climate change subsidy issues. The American Journal of International Law, 107(4), 864-878.

Shadikhodjaev, S. (2015). Renewable energy and government support: Time to “green” the SCM agreement? World Trade Review, 14(3), 479-506.

Sterk, W., & Hermwille, L. (2013). Does the climate regime need new types of mitigation commitments? Carbon & Climate Law Review: CCLR, 7(4), 270-282.

Stern, N. H., & Treasury, G. B. (2007). The economics of climate change: The stern review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Stewart, R. B., Oppenheimer, M., & Rudyk, B. (2013). A new strategy for global climate protection. Climatic Change, 120(1-2), 1-12.

Tamiotti, L., Teh, R., Kulaçoğlu, V., Olhoff, A., Simmons, B., & Abaza, H. (2009). Trade and climate change: A Report by the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Trade Organization. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/ res_e/booksp_e/trade_climate_change_e.pdf

Tîmbur, M. (2010). International trade development—Risks for the environment? Economy Transdisciplinarity Cognition, 13(2), 6-22.

Trachtman, J. P. (2016). WTO law constraints on border tax adjustment and tax credit mechanisms to reduce the competitive effects of carbon taxes. Retrieved from http://www.rff.org/files/document/file/RFF-DP-16-03.pdf

van Asselt, H., & Brewer, T. (2010). Addressing competitiveness and leakage concerns in climate policy: An analysis of border adjustment measures in the US and the EU. Energy Policy, 38(1), 42-51.

Vihma, A., & Kulovesi, K. (2013). Can attention to the process improve the efficiency of the UNFCCC negotiations? Carbon & Climate Law Review: CCLR, 7(4), 242-251.

Viral, A. V. (2016). Environmental disputes in investor-state arbitration—A need for change. Environmental Policy and Law, 46(2), 133-136.

Weber, R. H. (2015). Border tax adjustment—Legal perspective. Climatic Change, 133(3), 407-417.

Wiers, J. (2008). French ideas on climate and trade policies. Carbon and Climate Law Review, 2(1), 18-32.

Wong, P. (2015). From Copenhagen to Paris: Climate change and the limits of rationality, multilateralism, and leadership. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 21(2), 268-283.

World Bank. (2009). Trade and climate change. In World development report 2010 (pp. 251-255). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.