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Article
Chinese Western Cultural Relations: A Critical Analysis
Author(s)
Muhammad Anisur Rahman Akanda
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DOI:10.17265/1539-8072/2017.10.005
Affiliation(s)
Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
ABSTRACT
This study, within the theoretical framework of Critical Discourse Analysis, aims to explore how culture represents language, causing cultural differences between the East and the West. With a set of questions, a qualitative method is employed to collect the data in this study. By examining the 189 theoretical studies and investigating cultural and linguistic features, this study will show how culture influences culture and language, while the content analysis is completely excluded due to the limited time and space. The data will be analyzed in light of the critical discourse analysis showing how social subjects are constructed in various discourses with their personal terms. A historical change between the East and the West is the return of the ancient Silk Roads at the early 21st century. Social changes can be seen when studying their cultural relations. Language is easily abstracted from culture. Both claim special reality of what they are. This article clearly explains how the discourse in the Chinese Western cultural relations generally reflects the social practice, the ideology, and power relations in social structures in which various discourses were published at the time of reporting. Finally, English and Chinese belong to two different language families representing linguistic differences. This makes learning English a serious challenge for Chinese native speakers.
KEYWORDS
critical discourse analysis, Chinese Western culture, Silk Road, representation
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References
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Cook, V. J. (1985). Chomsky’s universal grammar and second language learn. Applied Linguistics, 6, 2-18.
Corder, S. P. (1967). Significance of learners’ errors. International Review of Applied linguistics, 5, 161-169.
Coward, R., & Ellis, J. (1977). Language and materialism: Developments in semiology and theory of the subject. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
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Ellis, R. (1985). Understanding second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and power. London: Longman.
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Hall, S. (1985). Signification, representation, ideology: Althusser and the post structural debates. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 2, 91-114.
Halliday, M. A. K. (2009). Language and society. In J. W. Jonathan (Ed.), Collected works of M. A. K. Halliday (Vol. 10). London: Continuum.
Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1985). Language, context and text. Geelong, Victoria: Deakin University Press.
Halliday, M. A. R. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar (2nd ed.). London: Edward Arnold.
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
Hsu, C. (1991). Applying Confucius ethics to international relations. Journal of Ethics and International Affairs, 5(March/April).
Islam, A. T. M., & LI, X. Y. (2014). South-south cooperation-policy and practice by the export import bank of China. Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF), 3(1), 9-19. Retrieved from www.iosrjournals.org
Islam, N. I., & Askari, M. M. R. (2015). Belt and road initiative of China: A new hope in the region. Bangladesh Journal of Tariff and Trade, 4.
Jones, E. E. (1979). The rocky road from acts to dispositions. American Psychologist, 3, 107-117.
Keay, J. (2011). India: A history. New York, NY: Grove Press.
Lengauer, B. S. (2011). China’s foreign aid policy: Motive and method. The Bulletin of the Centre for East-West Cultural and Economic Studies, 2, 35-81.
Levinson, D., & Melvin, E. (1996). Comparative method. New York: Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology.
Levinson, S. (1979). Activity types and language. Linguistics, 17, 365-399.
Li Bo, Z. (2001). 5000 years of Chinese history. China: Inner Mongolian Publication.
LIAN, S. E. (1993). Contrastive studies of English and Chinese. Beijing: Higher Education Press.
Lucke, A. (1996). Text and discourse analysis. New York: American Educational Research Association.
Malinowski, B. (1923). The problem of meaning in primitive languages (Supplement 1). In C. Ogden and I. A. Richards, The meaning of meaning. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Ministry of Information. (2008). Law & regulation publication: Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha (BSS). Dhaka: Ministry of Information.
Morgan, L. H. (1877). Ancient society (Chapter 1-2). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Society
Murdock, G. P. (1949). Social structure. New York: The MacMillan Company. ISBN: 0-02-922290-7. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Murdock
Naroll, R. (1961). Two solutions to Galton’s problem. In F. Moore (Ed.), Readings in cross-cultural methodology (pp. 221-245). New Haven: HRAF Press.
Nida, E. A., & Taber, C. (1969). The theory and practice of translation. Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
Pandey, N. (2013). China in South Asia: Future possibilities. In B. M. Kabir (Ed.), Sino-South Asian relations (pp. 57-68). Chittagong: University of Chittagong.
Parlene, A. (2013). Importance of the free trade agreement between Bangladesh and China. In B. M. Kabir (Ed.), Sino-South Asian relations (pp. 280-314). Chittagong: University of Chittagong.
Rashid, H. ur. (2010). Bangladesh foreign policy: Realities, priorities and challenges. Dhaka: Academic Press and Publishers Library (APPL).
Renugah, R. B. H. T. (2015). Application of critical discourse analysis in media discourse studies. The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 21(2), 57-68. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/
Robert, R. (1987). The languages of China. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Robertson, D. S. (1943). Greek and Roman architecture (2nd ed., p. 231). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roca, T. (2013). Human development report: The rise of the south, human progress in a diverse world. Afrique Contemporaine, 246(2), 164. Retrieved from //www.cairn.info/revue
Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. E. (1991). The person and the situation: Perspectives of social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Rugh, W. (1979). The Arab Press: News media and political process in the Arab world. London: Syracuse University Press.
Sarker, N. M. (2014). Bangladesh-China relationship at the dawn of the twenty first century. Peace and Security Review, 6(11), 72-96.
Sir Edward Burnett Tylor. (1871). Primitive culture (Vols. 1-2). London: John Murry. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor
Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Uddin, A. G. M., Niaz. (2013). Political dimensions of Sino-Bangladesh relations: Recent trends. In B. M. Kabir (Ed.), Sino-South Asian relations (pp. 230-241). Chittagong: University of Chittagong.
UNESCO. (1953). News agencies, structure and operation. The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, Gorges Lang, Paris, France YC.52.D.ltlA.
Van Dijk, T. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse Society, 4(2), 249-283. Retrieved from http://das.sagepub.com/content/4/2/249
Wagner, D. B. (2001). The state and iron industry in Han China. Copenhagen: NIAS Publishing.
WANG, J. Q. (2007). Thoughts on hypotaxis and parataxis. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 39(6), 409-416.
White, L. (1989). Universal grammar and second language acquisition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Williams, R. (1981). Culture. London: Fontana.
Wodak, R. (1989). Language, power and ideology: Studies in political discourse. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (2009). Methods of critical discourse analysis. London & New York: Longman.
ZHANG, M. (2014). A critical discourse analysis of political news reports. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(11), 2273-2277. Retrieved from http://www.ojs.academypublisher.com/index
ZHANG, X. Y. (2010). History and legend of Sino-Bangla contacts. Dhaka: Embassy of China to Bangladesh.
ZHENG, C. M. (1992). Comparison between Chinese culture and western culture (pp. 225-240). Beijing: Beijing Language College Press.
ZHU, L. Y. (2015). History of western aesthetics. China: Higher Education Press.
Allan, J. A. (2013). The Cambridge shorter history of India (p. 145). United States: Literary Licensing.
BD-China Embassy. (2017). Retrieved from http://bd.china-embassy
Bell, A., & Garrett, P. (1998). Approaches to media discourse. Wiley-Blackwell (March 6, 1998). ISBN-10: 0631198881.
Bell, A. (1991). The language of news media. Oxford: Blackwell.
Billig, M. (2003). Political communication. In D. O. Sears, L. Huddy, and R. Jervis (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political psychology (pp. 222-250). New York: Oxford University Press.
Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. New York: Holt.
Chandra, V. (2015). India and South Asia: Exploring regional perceptions, institute for defense studies and analyses. New Delhi: Indian Foreign Affairs Journal.
CHEN, C., & Lee, Y. (2008). Leadership and management in China: Philosophies, theories, and practices, centre for digital philosophy (p. 7). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Choi, I., & Nisbett, R. E. (1998). Situational salience and cultural differences in the correspondence bias and the actor-observer bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 949-960.
Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structure. The Hague: Mounton.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of gramma. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. (1983). Mental representations. Syracuse Scholar (1979-1991), 4(2). Retrieved from https://surface.syr.edu/suscholar/vol4/iss2/2
Cochrane, N. C. (1929). Thucydides and the science of history (p. 179). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cook, V. J. (1985). Chomsky’s universal grammar and second language learn. Applied Linguistics, 6, 2-18.
Corder, S. P. (1967). Significance of learners’ errors. International Review of Applied linguistics, 5, 161-169.
Coward, R., & Ellis, J. (1977). Language and materialism: Developments in semiology and theory of the subject. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
DONG, M., & MA, Q. (2017). A comparative study of syntactic hypotaxis and parataxis in English and Chinese from the aesthetic perspective of classical painting. Canadian Social Science, 13(4), 80-83. doi: 10.3968/9549. Retrieved from www.cscanada.net
Eggan, F. (1961). Ethnographic data in social anthropology in the United States. The Sociological Review, 9(1), 19-26. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1961.tb01083.x/abstract
Eggins, S., & Slade, D. (1997). Analyzing casual conversation. London: Cassel.
Ellis, R. (1985). Understanding second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. (1994). Factors in the incidental acquisition of second language vocabulary from oral input: A review essay. Applied Language Learning, 5, 1-32.
Fairclough, N (1989). Language and power. London: Longman.
Fairclough, N (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Fairclough, N. (1993). Critical discourse analysis and the marketization of public discourse. Discourse & Society, 4, 133-168.
Fairclough, N. (1995a). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. London: Longman.
Fairclough, N. (1995b). Media discourse. London: Edward Arnold.
Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and power. London: Longman.
Fairclough, N. (2003). Political correctness: The politics of culture and language. Discourse & Society, 14(1), 17-28.
Forgacs, D. (1988). Gramsci reader. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge (translation by A. M. Sheridan Smith). London: Tavistock.
Foucault, M. (1980). Power-knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings (1972-1977). C. Gordon (Ed.). New York: Pantheon Books.
Fowler, R. (1994). Language in the news. London: Routledge.
Frantz, R. S. (2006). The linguistic constructions of agency and identity in gay VS mainstream media coverage of same sex marriage: A critical discourse approach. Retrieved from ProQuest LLC 2007 (Publication No. UMI 3237083).
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine.
Glass, D. (2001). The global flow of information: A critical appraisal from the perspective of Arab-Islamic information sciences, mass media, politics and societyin the Middle East (pp. 217-240). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc.
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. Q. Hoare and G. Nowell Smith (Eds.). New York: International Publishers.
Gramsci, A. (1988). An Antonio Gramsci reader: Selected writings. D. Forgacs (Ed.). New York, NY: Schocken.
Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communication action (Vol. 1). London: Heinemann.
Hafez, K. (2001). Mass media in the Middle East: Patterns of political and societal change. In K. Hafez (Ed.), Mass media, politics and society in the Middle East (pp. 1-20). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc.
Haider, Z. (2006). The changing pattern Bangladesh foreign policy: A comparative study of the Mujib and Zia Regime. Dhaka: The University Press Ltd.
Hall, S. (1985). Signification, representation, ideology: Althusser and the post structural debates. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 2, 91-114.
Halliday, M. A. K. (2009). Language and society. In J. W. Jonathan (Ed.), Collected works of M. A. K. Halliday (Vol. 10). London: Continuum.
Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1985). Language, context and text. Geelong, Victoria: Deakin University Press.
Halliday, M. A. R. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar (2nd ed.). London: Edward Arnold.
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
Hsu, C. (1991). Applying Confucius ethics to international relations. Journal of Ethics and International Affairs, 5(March/April).
Islam, A. T. M., & LI, X. Y. (2014). South-south cooperation-policy and practice by the export import bank of China. Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF), 3(1), 9-19. Retrieved from www.iosrjournals.org
Islam, N. I., & Askari, M. M. R. (2015). Belt and road initiative of China: A new hope in the region. Bangladesh Journal of Tariff and Trade, 4.
Jones, E. E. (1979). The rocky road from acts to dispositions. American Psychologist, 3, 107-117.
Keay, J. (2011). India: A history. New York, NY: Grove Press.
Lengauer, B. S. (2011). China’s foreign aid policy: Motive and method. The Bulletin of the Centre for East-West Cultural and Economic Studies, 2, 35-81.
Levinson, D., & Melvin, E. (1996). Comparative method. New York: Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology.
Levinson, S. (1979). Activity types and language. Linguistics, 17, 365-399.
Li Bo, Z. (2001). 5000 years of Chinese history. China: Inner Mongolian Publication.
LIAN, S. E. (1993). Contrastive studies of English and Chinese. Beijing: Higher Education Press.
Lucke, A. (1996). Text and discourse analysis. New York: American Educational Research Association.
Malinowski, B. (1923). The problem of meaning in primitive languages (Supplement 1). In C. Ogden and I. A. Richards, The meaning of meaning. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Ministry of Information. (2008). Law & regulation publication: Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha (BSS). Dhaka: Ministry of Information.
Morgan, L. H. (1877). Ancient society (Chapter 1-2). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Society
Murdock, G. P. (1949). Social structure. New York: The MacMillan Company. ISBN: 0-02-922290-7. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Murdock
Naroll, R. (1961). Two solutions to Galton’s problem. In F. Moore (Ed.), Readings in cross-cultural methodology (pp. 221-245). New Haven: HRAF Press.
Nida, E. A., & Taber, C. (1969). The theory and practice of translation. Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
Pandey, N. (2013). China in South Asia: Future possibilities. In B. M. Kabir (Ed.), Sino-South Asian relations (pp. 57-68). Chittagong: University of Chittagong.
Parlene, A. (2013). Importance of the free trade agreement between Bangladesh and China. In B. M. Kabir (Ed.), Sino-South Asian relations (pp. 280-314). Chittagong: University of Chittagong.
Rashid, H. ur. (2010). Bangladesh foreign policy: Realities, priorities and challenges. Dhaka: Academic Press and Publishers Library (APPL).
Renugah, R. B. H. T. (2015). Application of critical discourse analysis in media discourse studies. The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 21(2), 57-68. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/
Robert, R. (1987). The languages of China. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Robertson, D. S. (1943). Greek and Roman architecture (2nd ed., p. 231). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roca, T. (2013). Human development report: The rise of the south, human progress in a diverse world. Afrique Contemporaine, 246(2), 164. Retrieved from //www.cairn.info/revue
Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. E. (1991). The person and the situation: Perspectives of social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Rugh, W. (1979). The Arab Press: News media and political process in the Arab world. London: Syracuse University Press.
Sarker, N. M. (2014). Bangladesh-China relationship at the dawn of the twenty first century. Peace and Security Review, 6(11), 72-96.
Sir Edward Burnett Tylor. (1871). Primitive culture (Vols. 1-2). London: John Murry. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor
Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Uddin, A. G. M., Niaz. (2013). Political dimensions of Sino-Bangladesh relations: Recent trends. In B. M. Kabir (Ed.), Sino-South Asian relations (pp. 230-241). Chittagong: University of Chittagong.
UNESCO. (1953). News agencies, structure and operation. The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, Gorges Lang, Paris, France YC.52.D.ltlA.
Van Dijk, T. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse Society, 4(2), 249-283. Retrieved from http://das.sagepub.com/content/4/2/249
Wagner, D. B. (2001). The state and iron industry in Han China. Copenhagen: NIAS Publishing.
WANG, J. Q. (2007). Thoughts on hypotaxis and parataxis. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 39(6), 409-416.
White, L. (1989). Universal grammar and second language acquisition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Williams, R. (1981). Culture. London: Fontana.
Wodak, R. (1989). Language, power and ideology: Studies in political discourse. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (2009). Methods of critical discourse analysis. London & New York: Longman.
ZHANG, M. (2014). A critical discourse analysis of political news reports. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(11), 2273-2277. Retrieved from http://www.ojs.academypublisher.com/index
ZHANG, X. Y. (2010). History and legend of Sino-Bangla contacts. Dhaka: Embassy of China to Bangladesh.
ZHENG, C. M. (1992). Comparison between Chinese culture and western culture (pp. 225-240). Beijing: Beijing Language College Press.
ZHU, L. Y. (2015). History of western aesthetics. China: Higher Education Press.