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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Article
Using Graded-Conversations to Enhance Language Learning and Student Collaboration
Author(s)
Dainess Maganda
Full-Text PDF
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DOI:10.17265/2159-5836/2017.12.019
Affiliation(s)
University of Georgia, Athens, USA
ABSTRACT
Language teaching entails the use of varied methods to maximize learning. Most language educators, particularly those teaching foreign languages tend to use lesson review sheets, dialogue practice, drills on grammar, audio tapes or text recordings. Educators also make use of media to enhance learning while a few language instructors use graded-conversations. Thus, this paper explores ways in which graded-conversations impact language learning. This paper shows how using graded-conversations in a Swahili language classroom enhanced language learning and encouraged students to collaborate in and outside the classroom. More specifically, the findings indicate that while graded-conversations motivated students to communicate with each other beyond classroom and use social media to help each other study, assignments shape the type and quality of students’ collaboration. Implications for teaching are presented.
KEYWORDS
conversations, collaboration, language learning, language teaching
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References
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Alessi, S. M., & Trollip, S. R. (2001). Multimedia for learning: Methods and development (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Brown, S. J., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 32-42.
Brown, L., & Lara, V. (2011). Professional development module on collaborative learning. El Paso Community College, Texas; USA. Retrieved from http://www.texascollaborative.org/Collaborative_Learning_Module.htm
Clark, J., Baker, T., & Li, M. (2007). Student success: Bridging the gap for Chinese students in collaborative learning. In Proceedings from the 2007 ISANA International Conference “Student success in international education,” 27-30 November, Stamford Grand, Glenelg, Adelaide, Australia. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mingsheng_Li2/publication/228964992_Student_success_Bridging_the_gap_for_Chinese_students_in_collaborative_learning/links/0a85e53c079251e332000000.pdf
Cook, V. (2001). Second language learning and teaching. New York: Arnold.
Cormack, M., & Hourigan, N. (Eds.). (2007). Minority language media: Concepts, critiques and case studies (Vol. 138). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Dillenbourg, P. (1999). What do you mean by collaborative learning? In P. Dillenbourg (Ed.), Collaborative-learning: Cognitive and computational approaches (pp. 1-19). Oxford: Elsevier.
Donato, R., & McCormick, D. (1994). A sociocultural perspective on language learning strategies: The role of mediation [Theoretical; empirical]. Modern Language Journal, 78, 453-464.
DuFour, R. (2006). Collaboration is the key to unlocking potential. Learning Principle, 2(3), 1, 6-7.
Dunbar, R., & Moring, T. (2012). Article 11. Media. In A. Nogueira López, E. J. Ruiz Vieytez, and I. Urrutia Libarona (Eds.), Shaping language rights. Commentary on the European charter for regional or minority languages in the light of the committee of experts’ evaluation (pp. 373-424). Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
Dumont, H., Instance, D., & Benavides, F. (Eds.). (2010). The nature of learning: Using research to inspire practice. Educational Research and Innovation. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Ellerani. P., & Gentileb, M. (2013, October 21). The role of teachers as facilitators to develop empowering leadership and school communities supported by the method of cooperative learning. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 12-17.
Effandi, Z. (2003). The effects of cooperative learning on students in a matriculation mathematics class. Ph.D. thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
Greaves, T. W., Hayes, J., Wilson, L., Gielniak, M., & Peterson, E. L. (2012). Revolutionizing education through technology: The project RED roadmap for transformation. International society for technology in education. Washington, DC.
Hossain, A., & Tarmizi, R. A. (2013). Effects of cooperative learning on students’ achievement and attitudes in secondary mathematics. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 473-477.
Jacobs, G. M., Power, M. A., & Loh, W. I. (2002). The teacher’s sourcebook for cooperative learning: Practical techniques, basic principles and frequently asked questions. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press.
Johnson, R. T., & Johnson, D. W. (1994). An overview of cooperative learning. In J. Thousand, A. Villa, and A. Nevin (Eds.), Creativity and collaborative learning (p. 2). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Brookes Publishing.
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2009). An educational psychology success story: Social interdependence theory and cooperative learning. Journal of Educational Researcher, 38(5), 365-379.
Laal, M., & Ghodsi, S. M. (2012). Benefits of collaborative learning. Journal of Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31, 486-490.
Lantolf, J. P., & Thorne, S. L. (2006). Sociocultural theory and the genesis of second language development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leonard, P. E., & Leonard, L. J. (2001). The collaborative prescription: Remedy or reverie? International Journal of Leadership in Education, 4(4), 383-399.
Lever-Duffy, J., McDonald, J. B., & Mizell, A. P. (2003). Teaching and learning with technology. 1st (teacher) ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Melles, G. (2004). Understanding the role of language/culture in group work through qualitative interviewing. Qualitative Research, 9(2), 216-240.
Moring, T. (2013). Media markets and minority languages in the digital age. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, 12(4), 34-53.
Norton, P., & Sprague, D. (2001). Technology for teaching. Needham, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Oxford, R. (1997). Cooperative learning, collaborative learning, and interaction: Three communication strands in the language classroom. Modern Language Journal, 81(4), 443-456.
Panitz, T. (1999). Benefits of cooperative learning in relation to student motivation. In M. Theall (Ed.), Motivation from within: Approaches for encouraging faculty and students to excel, new directions for teaching and learning. San Francisco, CA, USA: Josey-Bass Publishing.
Panitz, T. (1996, November 3). A definition of collaborative vs. cooperative learning. Deliberations, London Metropolitan University, UK. Retrieved from
http://colccti.colfinder.org/sites/default/files/a_definition_of_collaborative_vs_cooperatie_learning.pdf
Roschelle, J., & Teasley, S. (1995). The construction of shared knowledge in collaborative problem solving. In C. O’Malley (Ed.), Computer-supported collaborative learning (pp. 69-97). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Rogers, M. (2013, October 21). Wired for teaching. Inside Higher Learning Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/10/21/more-professors-using-social-mediateaching-tools
Royal, K. (2014, July 24). The meaning of education collaboration. Connect learning today. Retrieved from http://connectlearningtoday.com/meaning-education-collaboration/
Samad, M. A. (2005). Ganit shikkha-o-prashikkhon. Dhaka: Samad Publication and Research.
Tinto, V. (1997). Enhancing learning via community. Journal of Thought and Action, 6(1), 53-54.
Stringer, E. T. (2014). Action research. Washington, DC: SAGE Publications.
Swain M. (2000). The output hypothesis and beyond: Mediating acquisition through collaborative dialogue. In J. P. Lantolf (Ed.), Sociocultural theory and second language learning (pp. 97-114). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tapscott, D. (2009). Growing up digital: How the Net generation is changing your world. New York, NY: The McGraw Hill.
Tafani, V. (2009). Teaching English through mass media. Acta Didactica Napocensia, 2(1), 81-96.
Tinto, V. (1997). Classrooms as communities: Exploring the educational character of student persistence. The Journal of Higher Education, 68, 599-623.
Vincze, L., & Moring, T. (2013). Towards ethnolinguistic identity gratifications. In E. H. Jones and E. Uribe-Jongbloed (Eds.), Minority languages and social media: Participation, policy and perspectives (pp. 47-57). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Wertsch, J. V. (1993). Voices of the mind: A sociocultural approach to mediated action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Wertsch, J. V., & Rogoff, B. (1984). Editors’ notes. In B. Rogoff, and J. V. Wertsch (Eds.), Children’s learning in the “zone of proximal development” (pp. 1-6). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc. Publishers.