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Article
Edward Burne-Jones’s The Planets: Musical Spheres and Visions of a Benevolent Cosmos
Author(s)
Liana De Girolami Cheney
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DOI:10.17265/2159-5836/2017.07.004
Affiliation(s)
SIELAE, Universidad de Coruña, Coruña, Spain
ABSTRACT
Edward Burne-Jones (1833-1898), a pre-Raphaelite painter, was fascinated with astronomy, as noted in his memorials and accounts. In 1879, he executed cartoon drawings for a cycle on nine planets for the artisans of the William Morris Firm, who would transform them into stained-glass panels. The commission was for the decoration of Woodlands, the Victorian mansion of Baron Angus Holden (1833-1912), a major of Bradford. Presently, seven of the cartoons—The Moon (Luna), Earth (Terra), Sol (Apollo), Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, and Evening Star—are in the Torre Abbey Museum in Torquay, UK, while the cartoon for Mars is part of the collection of drawings at the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, UK, and the cartoon for Morning Star is located at Lady Margaret Hall in Oxford, UK. In the creation of the Planets cycle, Burne-Jones was inspired by cultural events of the time such as British scientific astronomical discoveries and British and Italian humanistic sources in literature and visual arts portraying astronomy. This essay art historically and iconographically examines the nine planets as celestial and terrestrial formations and astral spheres of good omen. It is composed of three sections. The first section discusses the history of the artistic commission; the second analyzes the stylistic and iconographical aspects of the Planets cycle; and the third section explains some of Burne-Jones’s cultural sources for the Planets cycle as manifestations of seasonal transformations, heavenly and terrestrial realms, musical spheres, and visions of a benevolent cosmos.
KEYWORDS
British astronomy, Italian astrology, celestial cosmos, planets, musical spheres, seasons, Victorian homes, Edward Burne-Jones
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References
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Cheney, L. (1993). Botticelli’s Neoplatonic images. Potomac, MD: Scripta Humanistica.
Chevalier, J., & Gheerbrant, A. (1994). A dictionary of symbols. London: Blackwell.
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Gaunt, W. (1942). The Pre-Raphaelite tragedy. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
Gleadow, R. (2001). The origin of the zodiac. New York: Dover.
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Godwin, J. (2002). The pagan dream of the renaissance. Grand Rapids, MI: Phanes.
Gombrich, E. H. (1964). Moment and movement in art. Journal of the WJournal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 27, 293-306.
Grafton, A. (2000). Leon Battista Alberti: Master builder of the Italian renaissance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hadingham, E. (1985). Early man and the cosmos. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Hagstrum, J. H. (1958). Sister Arts: The tradition of literary pictorialism and the English poetry from Dryden to Gray. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hanser, D. (Ed.). (1984). Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas: Architecture and society. Dubuque, IA: Kendal Hunt.
Harrisons, M., & Waters, B. (1973). Burne-Jones. New York: Putnam’s Sons.
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Hevelius J. (1690). Uranographia totum caelum stellatun. Gdansk: np.
Holmes, R. (2008). The age of wonder. New York: Vintage Books.
Hyginus. (1482). Poeticon Astronomicon. Venice: Enhard Ratdolt.
James, J. (1993). The music of the spheres: Music, science and the natural order of the universe. New York: Copernicus.
Korb, E., Christian, J., & Sidey, T. (2007). Hidden Burne-Jones, works on paper by Edward Burne-Jones from Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery. London: Dan Giles.
Lachièze-Rey, M., & Jean-Pierre, L. (1988). Figures du Ciel: de l’armonie des spheres à la conquêtespatiale. Seuil: Bibliothèque nationale de France.
Leighton, J. A. (1922). Man and the cosmos: An introduction to metaphysics. London: Appleton.
Magee, J. (Ed. and Trans.). (2016). On Plato’s Timaeus-Calcidius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Maxwell-Steward, P. G. (2010). Astrology: From ancient Babylon to the present. Stroud, UK: Amberley.
Morgan, M. H. (Ed.). (1960). Vitruvius, the ten books on architecture. New York: Dover.
Most, G. W. (Ed.). (2007). Hesiod, Theogony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library.
Mulryan, M. (2012). Vincenzo Cartari, images of the gods of the ancients: The first Italian mythographer. Tempe, AZ: ACMRS.
Ono, A. (2003). Japonisme in Britain: Whistler, Menpes, Henry, Hornel and nineteenth-century Japan. London: Routledge Curzon.
Oskar Kristeller, P. O. (Ed.). (1985). The letters of Marsilio Ficino (3 vols.). New York: Ginko.
Pearce, Susan. (Ed.). (2007). Visions of antiquity: The society of antiquaries of London 1707-2007. London: Society of Antiquaries.
Praz, M. (1967). Mnemosyne the parallel between literature and the visual arts. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rackham, H. trans. (1938). Pliny the Elder. Natural History, Book I and II. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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Sale, W. (19661). Aphrodite in the theogony. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 92, 508-521.
Samuel-Lasner, M. (1978). Note on Burne-Jones’ Hypnerotomachia Poliphili. Pre-Raphaelite Review, 1, 110.
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Shrimplin, V. (2013). Michelangelo, Copernicus and the Sistine Ceiling: The Last Judgment decoded. Saarbrucken: Lambert.
Spencer, J. R. (1957). Ut Rhetorica Pictura: A study in quattrocento theory of painting. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 20, 26-44.
Stirling, W. (1897). The Canon: The pagan mystery as the rule of all the arts. Glastonbury, UK: The Lost Library.
Vallance, A. (1900). Sir Edward Burne-Jones Baronet. London: The Art Journal.
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Whitfield, P. (2001). Astrology: A history. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
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Wildman, S. (Ed.). (2004). Waking dreams: The art of the Pre-Raphaelites from the Delaware art museum. Alexandria, VA: Arts Service International.
Wood, C. (1998). Burne-Jones: The life and works of Sir Edward Burne-Jones, 1833-1898. New York: Stewart, Tabori and Chang.
Zeyl, D. J. (Trans.). (2000). Plato: Timaeus. Indianapolis IN and Cambridge MA: Hackett Publishing Co.
Zucker, M. J. (1980). The illustrated Bartsch, early Italian masters (Vol. 24). New York: Abaris, Commentary on Baccio Baldini.
Zuffi, S., & Novellone, A. (2009). Arte e Zodiaco: Storia, misteri e intepretazioni dei segnizodiacaleneisecoli. Rome: Sassi.
Allen, M. J. (1984). The Platonism of Marsilio Ficino. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Allen, R. H. (1899). Star names and their meanings. Glastonbury, UK: The Lost Library.
Anderson, J. A. (1982). Domitian, the argiletum and the temple of peace. American Journal of Archeology, 86(1) (January), 101-110.
Archives at the Torrey Abbey Museum, Torquay, UK.
Armstrong, L. (2003). Benedetto Bordon, Aldus Manutius and Lucantonio Giunta: Old and New Links. In L. Armstrong (Ed.), Studies of renaissance miniaturists in Venice (2 vols., 2, pp. 161-183). London: Pindar.
Bell, M. (1809-1918). Sir Edward Burne-Jones. In R. Edmund Graves (Ed.), A biographical dictionary of painters and engravers (2 vols., 1, pp. 217-219). London: George Bell and Sons.
Bell, M. (1892). Edward Burne-Jones: A record and review. London: George Bell & Sons.
Blunt, A. (1968). Artistic theory in Italy, 1450-1600. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brink, C. O. (Ed.). (1971). Horace on poetry: The Ars Poetica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burne-Jones, G. (1904). Memorials of Edward Burne-Jones (2 vols.). London: Macmillan Company.
Cassirer, E. (1963/2010). The individual and the cosmos in renaissance philosophy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cecil, D. (1969). Visionary and Dreamer: Two Poetic Painters, Samuel Palmer and Edward Burne-Jones. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Cheney, L. D. (Spring/Summer 2017). Edward Burne-Jones’s The Planets: Luna, a Celestial Sphere. Culture and Cosmos: Journal for the History of Astrology and Cultural Astronomy, 21.
Cheney, L. D. (2017). Giorgio Vasari’s Fine Arts from the Vite of 1550. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 7, 140-178.
Cheney, L. D. (2016). Edward Burne-Jones’s The Planets: The Cartoon of Mars at the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery. The Pre-Raphaelite Society, 25, 15-26.
Cheney, L. D. (2013). Edward Burne-Jones’s: Mythical paintings. London/NewYork: Peter Lang.
Cheney, L. D. (2000). Edward Burne-Jones’s Cupid and Psyche: The enchantment of an ancient tale. In G. Huber-Rebenich and L. Fredman (Eds.), Wegezum Mythos (pp. 57-71). Berlin: University of Mannheim.
Cheney, L. D. (1995). Burne-Jones: Mannerist in an age of modernism. In S. Casteras and A. Faxon (Eds.), Pre-raphaelite art in its European context (pp. 103-116). New Haven: Associated University Press.
Cheney, L. (1993). Botticelli’s Neoplatonic images. Potomac, MD: Scripta Humanistica.
Chevalier, J., & Gheerbrant, A. (1994). A dictionary of symbols. London: Blackwell.
Chilb, T. (1883). On the decorations of Pianos. Early Journal Content, (1883), 167-170.
Cobb-Stevens, V. (1994). Speech, gesture and woman’s hair in the Gospel of Luke and First Corinthians. In L. De Girolami Cheney (Ed.), The symbolism of vanitas in the arts, literature, and music: Comparative and historical studies (pp. 311-340). New York/Ontario: Mellen.
Cornford, F, M. (1937 and 1997). Plato’s cosmology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, repr. Indianapolis In and Cambridge MA: Hackett Publishing Co.
Cooper, J. C. (1978). An illustrated encyclopaedia of traditional symbols. London: Thames and Hudson.
Cresswell, J. (2013). Legendary beasts of Britain. Oxford: Shire Library.
Cruz, E. A. (2011). Hypnerotomachia Poliphili: An architectural vision (2 vols.). USA: Xlibris.
Davis, H. (1901/2012). The Republic: The statesman of Plato. London: Dunne and Nabu Press.
Ficino, M. (1561). Opera Omnia. Basel: Janus Cornarius.
Fitzgerald, P. (1975). Edward Burne-Jones. London: Hamilton.
Foster, B. O. trans. (1919). Titus Livius (Livy). History of Rome (2 vols.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Loeb Classical Library.
Gafurius, F. (1512). Practica musicae. Venice: AgostinoZani.
Gafurius, F. (1496). Practica musicae. Milan: Gulielmum Signer Rothomagensem.
Garnett, O. (2000). The letters and collection of William Graham: Pre-Raphaelite patron and pre-Raphael collector. The Volume of the Walpole Society, 62, 145-343.
Gaunt, W. (1942). The Pre-Raphaelite tragedy. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
Gleadow, R. (2001). The origin of the zodiac. New York: Dover.
Godwin, J. (1990). Harmony of the spheres: A sourcebook on the pythagorean tradition in music. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions International.
Godwin, J. (2002). The pagan dream of the renaissance. Grand Rapids, MI: Phanes.
Gombrich, E. H. (1964). Moment and movement in art. Journal of the WJournal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 27, 293-306.
Grafton, A. (2000). Leon Battista Alberti: Master builder of the Italian renaissance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hadingham, E. (1985). Early man and the cosmos. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Hagstrum, J. H. (1958). Sister Arts: The tradition of literary pictorialism and the English poetry from Dryden to Gray. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hanser, D. (Ed.). (1984). Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas: Architecture and society. Dubuque, IA: Kendal Hunt.
Harrisons, M., & Waters, B. (1973). Burne-Jones. New York: Putnam’s Sons.
Healey, E. (1885). Woodlands of Bradford. Bradford Illustrated Weekly, 53-55.
Hevelius J. (1690). Uranographia totum caelum stellatun. Gdansk: np.
Holmes, R. (2008). The age of wonder. New York: Vintage Books.
Hyginus. (1482). Poeticon Astronomicon. Venice: Enhard Ratdolt.
James, J. (1993). The music of the spheres: Music, science and the natural order of the universe. New York: Copernicus.
Korb, E., Christian, J., & Sidey, T. (2007). Hidden Burne-Jones, works on paper by Edward Burne-Jones from Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery. London: Dan Giles.
Lachièze-Rey, M., & Jean-Pierre, L. (1988). Figures du Ciel: de l’armonie des spheres à la conquêtespatiale. Seuil: Bibliothèque nationale de France.
Leighton, J. A. (1922). Man and the cosmos: An introduction to metaphysics. London: Appleton.
Magee, J. (Ed. and Trans.). (2016). On Plato’s Timaeus-Calcidius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Maxwell-Steward, P. G. (2010). Astrology: From ancient Babylon to the present. Stroud, UK: Amberley.
Morgan, M. H. (Ed.). (1960). Vitruvius, the ten books on architecture. New York: Dover.
Most, G. W. (Ed.). (2007). Hesiod, Theogony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library.
Mulryan, M. (2012). Vincenzo Cartari, images of the gods of the ancients: The first Italian mythographer. Tempe, AZ: ACMRS.
Ono, A. (2003). Japonisme in Britain: Whistler, Menpes, Henry, Hornel and nineteenth-century Japan. London: Routledge Curzon.
Oskar Kristeller, P. O. (Ed.). (1985). The letters of Marsilio Ficino (3 vols.). New York: Ginko.
Pearce, Susan. (Ed.). (2007). Visions of antiquity: The society of antiquaries of London 1707-2007. London: Society of Antiquaries.
Praz, M. (1967). Mnemosyne the parallel between literature and the visual arts. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rackham, H. trans. (1938). Pliny the Elder. Natural History, Book I and II. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Rensselaer Lee, R. (1967). Ut Pictura Poesis: Humanist theory of painting. New York: Norton.
Rhodes, M. (2015). Devon’s Torre Abbey: Faith, politics and grand designs. New York: The History Press.
Rhodes, M. (1997). Unpublished essay on “Earth by Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones.” (dated 17 November 1997).
Robin Spencer, R. (1972). The Aesthetic movement: Theory and practice. London: Studio Vista.
Sale, W. (19661). Aphrodite in the theogony. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 92, 508-521.
Samuel-Lasner, M. (1978). Note on Burne-Jones’ Hypnerotomachia Poliphili. Pre-Raphaelite Review, 1, 110.
Sentinus, J., & Santritter, J. L. (Eds.). (1482/3). Hyginus’ Poeticon Astronomicon with the illustrations of the constellations and planets. Venice: Erhard Ratdolt.
Sesti, G. M. (1991). The glorious constellations: History and mythology. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
Sewter, A. C. Notes on Morris & Co.’s Domestic Stained Glass. Retrieved from
www.morrissociety.org/JWMS/01.1–Winter1961/W61.Sewter.pdf
Sewter, A. C. (1974-75). The stained glass of William Morris and his circle. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Seznec, J. (1953). Le manuels mythologiques et leur diffusion en Angleterre à la fin de la Renaissance. Mélanges d’histoire d’archéologie, 50, 276-292.
Seznec, J. (1953). The survival of the Pagan Gods. trans. Barbara F. Sessions. New York: Harper and Row.
Shrimplin, V. (2000). Sun-symbolism and cosmology in Michelangelo’s Last Judgment. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press.
Shrimplin, V. (2013). Michelangelo, Copernicus and the Sistine Ceiling: The Last Judgment decoded. Saarbrucken: Lambert.
Spencer, J. R. (1957). Ut Rhetorica Pictura: A study in quattrocento theory of painting. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 20, 26-44.
Stirling, W. (1897). The Canon: The pagan mystery as the rule of all the arts. Glastonbury, UK: The Lost Library.
Vallance, A. (1900). Sir Edward Burne-Jones Baronet. London: The Art Journal.
Wallis, W., & Chamberlain, A. B. (1904). Illustrated catalogue with descriptive notes of the permanent collection of paintings and sculpture, and the pictures in Aston Hall. Birmingham: Hudson and Son.
Whitfield, P. (2001). Astrology: A history. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
Wildman, S., & Christian, J. (1998). Edward Burne-Jones: Victorian Artist-Dreamer. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Wildman, S. (Ed.). (2004). Waking dreams: The art of the Pre-Raphaelites from the Delaware art museum. Alexandria, VA: Arts Service International.
Wood, C. (1998). Burne-Jones: The life and works of Sir Edward Burne-Jones, 1833-1898. New York: Stewart, Tabori and Chang.
Zeyl, D. J. (Trans.). (2000). Plato: Timaeus. Indianapolis IN and Cambridge MA: Hackett Publishing Co.
Zucker, M. J. (1980). The illustrated Bartsch, early Italian masters (Vol. 24). New York: Abaris, Commentary on Baccio Baldini.
Zuffi, S., & Novellone, A. (2009). Arte e Zodiaco: Storia, misteri e intepretazioni dei segnizodiacaleneisecoli. Rome: Sassi.